气候变化对黄河中上游地区潜在蒸散影响的估算

采用Penman—Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散,分析1961-2010年黄河中上游地区气候因子的变化趋势,并用偏微分方法定量分析各气候因子变化对潜在蒸散的影响。结果显示：1）近50年来黄河中上游地区气温显著升高（α〈0．01）,风速和日照时间显著减少（α〈0．01）。半干旱区面积不断扩大,气候总体呈暖干变化趋势。2）潜在蒸散对实际水汽压变化最敏感,其次为最高气温、风速和日照时间,对最低气温变化最不敏感。夏季潜在蒸散对日最高气温最敏感,其他季节对实际水汽压最敏感。3）风速对年潜在蒸散变化贡献最大,其次为气温和日照时间,实际水汽压贡献最小。春夏秋冬对潜在蒸散变化贡献最大的气候因子依次为风速、日照时间、气温。温度升高、湿度减少埘潜在蒸散的正影响已被风速、辐射下降的负影响所抵消。综合考虑各气候因子对潜在蒸散的作用有助于加深对气候变化影响机制的认识,并为气候变化适应对策研究提供科学依据。     

Ameliorative effect of potassium on mice and tomato subjected to sodium salinization

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Yamabiko) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Saturn) plants subjected to Na-salinization (NA: 80 mmol( + ) kg^-1 Na) in hydroponics were grown after the addition of K at five concentrations (K1: 10, K2: 20, K3: 30, K4: 40, K5: 50 mmol( + ) kg^-1). The effect of K on their growth was analyzed in terms of transpiration, cation uptake, and transport. A similar tendency for the above parameters was obtained in both species. The addition of 10 mmol( + ) kg^-1 K improved the growth by decreasing the content of Na and increasing the K content of the plants. The growth of the plants, however, was reduced along with the increase of the K concentration and became comparable to that of NA at K5. The total cation content increased with the increase of the K concentration, which was due to the increase of the K content.

A close relationship was observed among the osmotic potential of the solution, cumulative transpiration, and dry weight for both species among the K treatments.

Addition of K suppressed the uptake of other cations by rice and tomato in the order of Na>Mg>Ca, with a very small suppression for Ca and Mg. The depression of Na uptake by K could be due to the antagonism between the two cations.

In rice, the addition of K resulted in a decrease of the uptake concentration (UC) of Na and an increase of that of K, but did not bring about any changes in the UC of Ca and Mg. It was worth noting that K1 and K2 led to a higher UC of Na than NA in tomato, while the trend of the UC of K, Ca, and Mg was similar to that in rice. The transport of Na and Ca to the tops of rice was not affected by the addition of K, while that of Mg increased by K addition. In tomato, the transport of all the cations was promoted by the increase of the K concentration.     

Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH4 and N2O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

The DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition)-Rice model, one of the most advanced process-based models for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields, has been discussed mostly in terms of the reproducibility of observed methane (CH₄) emissions from Japanese rice paddies, but the model has not yet been validated for tropical rice paddies under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation management, a water-saving technique. We validated the model by using CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux data from rice in pots cultivated under AWD irrigation management in a screen-house at the International Rice Research Institute (Los Baños, the Philippines). After minor modification and adjustment of the model to the experimental irrigation conditions, we calculated grain yield and straw production. The observed mean daily CH₄ fluxes from the continuous flooding (CF) and AWD pots were 4.49 and 1.22?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and the observed mean daily N₂O fluxes from the pots were 0.105 and 34.1?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The root-mean-square errors, indicators of simulation error, of daily CH₄ fluxes from CF and AWD pots were calculated as 1.76 and 1.86?kg?C?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively, and those of daily N₂O fluxes were 2.23 and 124?g?N?ha^?1?day^?1, respectively. The simulated gross CH₄ emissions for CF and AWD from the puddling stage (2 days before transplanting) to harvest (97 days after transplanting) were 417 and 126?kg?C?ha^?1, respectively; these values were 9.8% lower and 0.76% higher, respectively, than the observed values. The simulated gross N₂O emissions during the same period were 0.0279 and 1.45?kg?N?ha^?1 for CF and AWD, respectively; these values were respectively 87% and 29% lower than the observed values. The observed total global warming potential (GWP) of AWD resulting from the CH₄ and N₂O emissions was approximately one-third of that in the CF treatment. The simulated GWPs of both CF and AWD were close to the observed values despite the discrepancy in N₂O emissions, because N₂O emissions contributed much less than CH₄ emissions to the total GWP. These results suggest that the DNDC-Rice model can be used to estimate CH₄ emission and total GWP from tropical paddy fields under both CF and AWD conditions.     

红壤旱地四种春夏作物水势比较研究

大豆、花生、红薯、玉米是低丘红壤区主要的夏季旱地作物,研究表明:四种不同作物在相同或相似的环境条件下,作物水势时空分布的趋势一致;大豆(初花期)、玉米(大喇叭口期)、花生(开花结荚期)、红薯(块根膨大期)永久萎蔫时叶水势依次为:-2.3MPa、-2.10MPa、-1.75MPa、-1.30MPa,土壤水势分别为-1.159MPa、-0.818MPa、-1.534MPa、-1.644MPa。正常情况下,作物叶片水势大小及作物耐旱性顺序为:红薯>花生>大豆、玉米。小麦茬口玉米(抽穗期)和大豆(初花期)因叶片水势连续一周分别低于-2.2MPa和-2.3MPa被旱死。     

铝对大豆叶片水势和生理特性的影响

以2个大豆{Glycine max(L.)Merrill}品种华春18,浙春3号为材料,设置不同的铝浓度进行土培试验,研究铝对大豆叶片水势和一些生理特性的影响。结果表明:高浓度的铝对大豆生长明显不利。随铝浓度的增加,大豆叶片水势略有下降;蛋白质含量在三叶期有所上升,然后在五叶期开始下降;叶绿素含量除三叶期外都有明显下降;二个大豆品种的SOD活性变化明显不相同。从种间差异性来看,浙春3号抗铝胁迫的能力大于华春18。     

毛乌素沙地南缘赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势关系的初步研究

通过野外观测，利用统计分析对毛乌素沙地南缘的赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势的关系进行了初步的研究。结果表明：赖草蒸腾速率呈现双峰变化；6月份的水势值要明显大于7月份，说明赖草7月份受到的干旱胁迫要大于6月份；通过相关性分析，建立了赖草蒸腾速率与叶水势间的一元回归模型。     

青海大通退耕还林地林分水分生产力研究

 为了解青海东部黄土高原寒区退耕还林地人工林的水分生产力水平,2001—2003年对青海省大通县退耕还林的人工林进行了群落蒸散测算、标准地生物量调查和解析木分析,并研究了青杨灌木混交林、白桦紫果云杉混交林、华北落叶松纯林、紫果云杉纯林、白桦纯林等11种林分类型退耕还林人工林的林木水分生产力。结果表明:1)3 000株/hm2左右密度的林分是该区较为适宜的造林密度标准;2)在目前的技术经济水平条件下,2 1003333株/hm2密度的青杨灌木混交林成林、白桦纯林、紫果云杉纯林和白桦紫果云杉混交林水分生产效率居所有林分之首,其水分生产力指标可作为该地区常规造林技术条件下乔木成林的水分生产力标准;3)3000株/hm2左右密度的青杨灌木混交林、白桦紫果云杉混交林、紫果云杉纯林和白桦纯林成林的水分生产潜力基本达到了目前当地林木的最大生产能力。表明上述林分类型的造林模式可作为今后退耕还林工程和林业生态工程建设的发展方向。     

FACE环境下不同秸秆与氮肥管理对稻田土壤硝化和反硝化菌的影响

利用位于江都市小记镇的中国稻-麦轮作FACE平台,采用最大可能(MPN)法,在2004年水稻生长季研究了不同施肥情况(施常规N量UN和低N量LN)、不同秸秆还田情况(秸秆全还田HR和秸秆不还田NR)下,土壤中硝化和反硝化细菌数量在FACE条件下随时间的变化。结果表明,FACE条件下,土壤硝化菌数普遍在抽穗期或乳熟期达到最大值,而对照土壤的硝化菌数普遍到成熟期才达到最大值,并且显著高于FACE处理的相应值(P<0.05)。在HR条件下,LN和UN小区FACE处理的土壤硝化细菌数量较对照减少6%~10%。FACE条件LN小区的反硝化菌数在成熟期达到最大值,而对照处理则在乳熟期达到最大值,并显著高于FACE处理(P<0.05);而UN小区的反硝化菌数二者均在抽穗期达到最大值。在LN小区HR和NR情况下,FACE处理土壤反硝化细菌数量分别低于对照处理的相应值8%和13%。在HR情况下,土壤反硝化潜势FACE处理显著低于对照。在LN和UN小区,FACE处理土壤的反硝化作用潜势分别是对照的83.7%和95.4%。     

藜麦研究进展及发展前景

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa),苋科藜属植物,原产于南美洲安第斯山脉高原地区,具有大约5000~ 7000年的种植历史,是当地印加人备受推崇的主要粮食作物之一,近些年因为其全面的营养价值和均衡的氨基酸比例以及药用保健价值收到追捧,引起了许多科研工作者的兴趣。为了给科研工作者提供一些研究方向的参考,通过对国内外对藜麦的研究文献进行汇总,归纳了在藜麦的引种栽培、营养成分分析、产品开发利用、遗传谱系研究、抗逆性研究、抗病虫害研究等方面的最新研究进展,提出了一些在研究中尚未解决的问题,如藜麦在低海拔地区产量和品质降低、藜麦的多种药用保健作用、藜麦副产物的利用等,将成为未来研究的重点方向,并分析了藜麦作为一种杂粮作物在中国西北地区的引种栽培以及发展潜力。     

陕北农牧交错带牧草生产力分析

根据陕北农牧交错带的生态环境特点以及牧草生长发育过程对水热资源的要求和利用效率,运用迈阿密模型定量估算陕北农牧交错带七县区牧草自然生产力。并与牧草现实生产力进行比较。研究表明:陕北农牧交错带牧草现实生产力仅为自然生产力的30.80%。基本掌握了该区牧草生产力状况和特点,并据此提出了相应的开发战略和实施途径。