基于功能空间分类的抚仙湖流域“3类空间”时空格局变化

为了了解高原湖泊流域“3类空间”的布局结构,探析流域在发展过程中“3类空间”的格局变化及其变化趋势,本文以抚仙湖流域为研究对象,从土地功能空间分类的角度研究抚仙湖流域“3类空间”分类体系,并分析了2005—2015年流域“3类空间”时空格局变化特征,为抚仙湖流域生态环境保护决策和国土空间格局优化研究提供理论参考。结果表明:（1）2005—2015年抚仙湖流域城镇空间呈上升趋势,10 a增加了71.37%,农业空间呈下降趋势,10 a减少了6.38%,生态空间先升后降,总体增加了0.48%;（2）2005年、2010年和2015年抚仙湖流域“3类空间”格局基本一致,以生态空间为主,但城镇空间格局、农业空间格局和生态空间格局的分布存在明显差别,城镇空间和农业空间主要分布于抚仙湖流域的北部,而生态空间除抚仙湖湖泊水面外在流域四周均有分布;（3）从变化程度上看,“3类空间”格局变化差异显著,城镇空间和农业空间格局变化主要发生在流域北部,而生态空间则在湖泊中部沿岸地区。     

2000-2014年艾比湖流域地表Ea与Ep时空分布特征及成因

为了探明干旱区流域地表蒸散量时空分布及其变化特征,从而为流域水资源规划、旱涝检测和生态需水量研究提供科学依据,本文基于MOD16蒸散产品和气象站观测数据,运用线性倾向率和相对变化率等方法,分析了艾比湖流域2000-2014年地表实际蒸散(Ea)与潜在蒸散(Ep)的时空分布特征及其变化趋势,进一步揭示二者之间的关系.结果表明:1)近15年内艾比湖流域地表Ea、Ep年际波动不大,多年平均Ea与Ep分别为315.76和1555.27mm,年平均Ea与Ep的较大差距说明流域整体上缺水、干旱.年内分布处于先增大后减少的单峰型变化趋势,夏季两者差距最大,此时流域最干旱、缺水;2)流域Ea与Ep的空间分布状况正好相反.西北山区、精河—博乐绿洲区、北天山的西段支脉,玛依力山脉等区域水分比较充足.流域东部大范围地区、精河—博乐绿洲周围等区域干旱缺水.3)影响因素分析显示气温是影响流域Ea、Ep时空分布变化的主要因素;4)2000-2014年间Ea总体上处于减少趋势,Ep处于增加趋势,说明流域近15年内干旱加重.     

湖区小麦-玉米轮作模式下不同施肥措施调控氮磷养分流失研究

针对我国南水北调东线过水区南四湖富营养化问题,利用沿湖流域典型种植模式——小麦-玉米轮作体系,选择材料易获取的几种施肥措施,采用田间原位安装淋溶水采集器和地表水径流池收集水样,室内分析不同处理防控氮磷养分流失的效果。结果表明:各施肥措施在作物不同茬口均能降低氮磷养分的随水流失,不同模式防控养分流失效果有差异;氮径流损失中,硝态氮占主要比例,玉米季和小麦季分别为82.7%~86.4%和94.2%~96.5%,而淋溶途径中硝态氮比例略有下降;径流为氮损失的主要途径,玉米茬口氮损失比例占轮作周年的67.0%~71.4%;磷径流损失中可溶性磷和颗粒磷比例相当,而淋溶磷以可溶性磷为主;淋溶途径损失的磷养分比例稍高,仍以玉米茬口总磷损失为主,占54.4%~63.1%;防控氮磷流失结合周年作物产量,玉米上使用减量控释氮肥或优化施肥配合秸秆还田、小麦上优化施肥或使用减量控释氮肥是相对理想的养分运筹搭配模式。     

天鹅湖沉积物对磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附特征

以荣成天鹅湖这一天然泻湖为研究对象,研究了6个样点沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和等温吸附方程,并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附参数间的关系.结果表明,天鹅湖不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附动力学均符合二级动力学方程,吸附反应主要在前10h内完成,且0～2h内反应迅速.根据Langmuir模型,6个样点沉积物对磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)的范围为294.12～1 111.11 mg/kg,其中湖区北部和中部沉积物的吸附能力高于南部.沉积物对水体中磷的吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)的变幅为0.002 ～ 0.033 mg/L,其与沉积物本底吸附态磷(NAP)呈较弱的正相关关系.本研究条件下,大部分样点的EPC0小于上覆水中磷的浓度,其中湖区西北部和东南部沉积物中磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势.沉积物的NAP与总氮、有机质、活性铝和黏粒间均呈显著正相关,Qmax与铁铝结合态磷、有机质、活性铝和粉粒间呈显著的正相关关系.活性铝、有机质和粒度是影响沉积物磷吸附的主要因素.     

基于水量调控防治艾比湖流域沙尘天气灾害的设想

针对艾比湖流域生态环境灾害，分析其成灾原因及发生规律。从改变水量分配时间格局的角度，分析入湖水量季节调控的可行性并提出实施方案。具体为通过人工引、蓄水设施将秋、冬季入湖地表径流蓄积起来，在春季大风、沙尘多发季节注入湖中，减少此时沙尘天气的发生。确定春季所需补充的水量，先以湖区地形图为基础建立湖区数字高程矩阵，然后回归计算湖面面积与湖水体积对应函数，此时根据实测的当年春季湖面面积即可算出达到预定湖面面积所需水量。按照此方案修建人工引、蓄水设施并实施调控后，既可以治理流域沙尘天气，又可最大限度节省水资源。     

Response of alluvial fan systems to the late Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition: contrasts between the margins of pluvial Lakes Lahontan and Mojave, Nevada and California, USA

Dated shorelines of late Pleistocene pluvial Lakes Lahontan (Great Basin Desert, northwest Nevada) and Mojave (Mojave Desert, eastern California) provide timelines for the assessment of alluvial fan sedimentation at the lake margins during the late Pleistocene to early Holocene. Two sets of alluvial fan systems have been mapped: the Stillwater fans, feeding Lake Lahontan; and the Zzyzx fans, feeding Lake Mojave. Their contrasting morphologies suggest different responses of the two fan systems to late Pleistocene to early Holocene climatic change. At the time the Stillwater fan systems underwent minimal sedimentation, with the catchment hillslopes apparently stable. The Zzyzx fans experienced major changes in water and sediment supply from the catchment hillslopes. There was a major phase of hillslope debris-flow activity, followed by fanhead trenching and distal fan progradation. Both areas were wetter and colder in the late Pleistocene than they are today, but during the transition to the Holocene the Zzyzx area was more likely to experience intense rains associated with the monsoonal penetration of warm moist tropical air into the Southwest. Vegetation reconstructions for the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene suggest that catchment hillslopes in the Mojave supported a desert shrub vegetation, but those in the Stillwaters supported juniper woodland and grasses at low elevations and pine at higher elevations. Contrasts in hillslope vegetation cover together with storm activity may account for the different responses of the alluvial fans to climatic change during the Pleistocene to Holocene climatic transition. After the falls in lake levels of Lakes Lahontan and Mojave in the early Holocene, both areas underwent aridification, resulting in reductions in hillslope vegetation cover. Increased storm runoff led to fanhead trenching and distal progradation of the alluvial fans. Variations in fan style at that time may relate primarily to base-level conditions resulting from different gradients on the exposed lake shores.     

Historical Trace Metal Accumulation in the Sediments of an Urbanized Region of the Lake Champlain Watershed, Burlington, Vermont

This study documents the history ofpollution inputs in the Burlington region of LakeChamplain, Vermont using measurements of anthropogenicmetals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ag) in four age-datedsediment cores. Sediments record a history ofcontamination in a region and can be used to assessthe changing threat to biota over time and to evaluatethe effectiveness of discharge regulations onanthropogenic inputs.Grain size, magnetic susceptibility, radiometricdating and pollen stratigraphy were combined withtrace metal data to provide an assessment of thehistory of contamination over the last 350 yr inthe Burlington region of Lake Champlain. Magneticsusceptibility was initially used to identify land-usehistory for each site because it is a proxy indicatorof soil erosion. Historical trends in metal inputs inthe Burlington region from the seventeenth through thetwentieth centuries are reflected in downcorevariations in metal concentrations and accumulationrates. Metal concentrations increase above backgroundvalues in the early to mid nineteenth century. Themetal input rate to the sediments increases around1920 and maximum concentrations and accumulation ratesare observed in the late 1960s. Decreases inconcentration and accumulation rate between 1970 andthe present are observed for most metals. Theobserved trends are primarily a function of variationsin anthropogenic inputs and not variations in sedimentgrain size. Grain size data were used to removetexture variations from the metal profiles and resultsshow trends in the anthropogenic metal signals remain. Radiometric dating and pollen stratigraphy providewell-constrained dates for the sediments therebyallowing the metal profiles to be interpreted in termsof land-use history.     

鄱阳湖生态经济区土地生态安全研究

土地生态安全评价是生态安全评价的的重要组成部分,也是当前土地可持续利用研究的前沿课题,对其进行研究有着极其重要的意义。利用2001-2007年的相关数据,借助于物元模型对鄱阳湖生态经济区的土地生态安全进行研究。结果表明:（1）鄱阳湖生态经济区土地生态安全状况,由2001年较安全状态下降到2005不安全状态。（2）2005-2007年土地生态安全由不安全状态到临界安全状态,状态有所好转。研究也证明了利用物元模型进行区域土地生态安全评价是可行的,这种方法可作为土地生态安全评价研究的新方法。     

厄尔尼诺和大气环流异常与1998年洞庭湖区洪涝的关系

分析了厄尔尼诺与湖南洞庭硝区洪涝的统计相关和西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）与１９９８年洞庭湖区洪涝的关系。结果表明,在厄尔尼诺次年洞庭湖区域出现洪涝的频率较大,副高 形成１９９８年洞庭湖区洪涝的重要原因。     

江西98特大洪涝卫星遥感监测及鄱阳湖水体淹没模型的研究

通过洪涝发生前后卫星遥感资料和有关气象,水等资料进行综合分析,研究江西省尤其鄱 阳湖区１９９８年６月、７月特大洪涝灾害的发生特点和危害程度。根据近年来卫星遥感监测实况资料鄱阳湖主体及其附近区域水体淹没模型。