An ecosystem-based assessment of the Korean blue crab trammel net fishery in the Yellow Sea and management implications

Landings in the blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus, fishery in Korean waters of the Yellow Sea have declined substantially from 11,000 t in the 1980s to 2,300 t in 2004. Blue crab habitat quality in the Yellow Sea has been degraded by anthropogenic activities including sand mining, land reclamation, and coastal pollution. Various traditional management measures have been implemented, including closed seasons during spawning and size limits, but these measures alone have been unsuccessful to conserve blue crab stocks. Consequently, a total allowable catch and a stock-rebuilding program using an ecosystem-based management approach were implemented in 2003 and 2006, respectively to rebuild blue crab stocks and restore habitats. This program involved assessment of both blue crab stock status and trammel-net fishery impacts at an ecosystem-level using an ecosystem-based fisheries assessment method ( [Zhang et al., 2009] and [Zhang et al., 2010]), which considered fishery data from catch and effort time-series, crab population biology, and ecosystem characteristics, including habitats and environmental conditions. Recent (2008) management status indices have shown significant positive change compared to conditions in 2000 with respect to sustainability of the stock and fishery and with regards to biodiversity and ecosystem habitat quality.     

Assessment of dietary lecithin and cholesterol requirements of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa using semi-purified microbound diets

The effects of varying dietary lecithin and cholesterol levels on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa were evaluated using six semi‐purified, microbound diets formulated to be iso‐energetic and containing three levels of supplemental lecithin (0, 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight) and two levels of supplemental cholesterol (0 and 7 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight). Fifteen megalopa were reared individually in each treatment and the nutritional value of diets was assessed on basis of mean dry weight and mean carapace width of newly settled first crab stage, as well as development time to the first crab stage and overall survival. A significant interaction between supplemental dietary lecithin and supplemental dietary cholesterol was found for final mean dry weight of newly settled crabs, and highest survival (60%) was recorded for megalopa fed diets containing the highest levels of dietary lecithin (39.7–44.1 g kg⁻¹) (diet 5 and 6) regardless of whether diets were supplemented with cholesterol; this rate of survival was identical to that of megalopa fed live Artemia nauplii. The results indicate that supplemental dietary cholesterol may not be essential for mud crab megalopa when fed diets containing sufficient levels of supplemental dietary phospholipids.     

眼柄切除及注射黄体酮对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹卵巢发育的影响

采用切除单侧、双侧眼柄及注射黄体酮药物的方法研究对幼蟹卵巢发育的影响。结果表明,切除双侧眼柄可明显增加幼蟹体重、蜕壳频率,极显著提高卵巢指数、肝胰腺指数和卵巢／肝胰腺质量比,极显著增大卵母细胞直径;切除单侧眼柄可极显著增加卵巢指数和卵巢／肝胰腺质量比,极显著增大卵母细胞直径;注射黄体酮药物可极显著增大卵母细胞直径,卵巢指数、卵巢／肝胰腺质量比增加未达统计学上的显著水平。     

棉花不同组织DNA的不同提取方法比较

[目的]研究棉花不同组织DNA提取的最佳方法。[方法]以棉花嫩叶、种子、黄化苗作为研究对象,比较CTAB法、SDS法、SDSCTAB法提取DNA的效果。[结果]若对DNA的量没有要求,棉花嫩叶、种子、黄化苗等组织均应选用SDS-CTAB法提取DNA。若对DNA的量有一定要求,如浓度需大于100 ng/μl,质量大于20 000 ng的情况下,针对不同试验材料推荐使用的提取方法是:棉花嫩叶用CTAB法,棉花种子SDS法,棉花黄化苗CTAB法。[结论]为快速高通量地检测转基因棉花基因漂移距离和频率提供参考。     

CARDIOVASCULAR AND GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST STUDIES IN THE HORSESHOE CRAB (LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS)

Survey and contrast radiographic studies of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) were undertaken using conventional and flouroscopic techniques. Normal gastrointestinal and cardiovascular structures were difficult to resolve on survey radiographs, but were well visualized with gastrointestinal follow through studies and angiography, respectively. All three contrast agents (iohexol, Gastrografin, and barium sulfate) used for the gastrointestinal studies varied minimally in their radiographic quality and transit times, and all appeared to be safe for use in the horseshoe crab.     

Forest School and its impacts on young children: Case studies in Britain

As Forest School has become more widespread throughout Britain an understanding is needed of its impact. This paper outlines a two-phase evaluation project undertaken in Wales and England from 2002 to 2005. The evaluation was undertaken through a partnership between Forest Research and the New Economics Foundation. A methodology was developed to explore the impacts of Forest School on children and this was then used to track changes in 24 children at three case study areas over an 8-month period. The research highlights that children can benefit in a range of ways. Six themes emerged from the data of the positive impacts on children in terms of confidence, social skills, language and communication, motivation and concentration, physical skills and knowledge and understanding. Two further themes highlight the wider impacts of Forest School on teachers, parents, and the extended family. Contact with the natural environment can be limited for children and young people in contemporary society due to concerns about safety outdoors and issues of risk and liability. Forest School provides an important opportunity for children to gain access to and become familiar with woodlands on a regular basis, while learning academic and practical skills. The constructivist theory of learning seems to be particularly suited to the Forest School approach as children make meaning from their direct experiences. The participatory action research approach taken in this study promoted reflective practice amongst the stakeholders involved and provided them with a sense of ownership of the study, as well as an opportunity to learn from each other.     

Collection,Analysis, and Utilization of Biogas from Anaerobic Treatment of Crab Processing Waters

Abstract

Two laboratory-scale, upflow anaerobic reactors were constructed to treat blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) cooking wastewater for determination of the volume and composition of the resulting bio-gas. Both systems (A and B) consisted of two 4-liter (L) upflow anaerobic reactors and one 8-L aerobic reactor in series. The first anaerobic reactor of System A contained 240,12.7 mm foam cubes, while the first anaerobic reactor of System B contained 180 foam pieces (25.4 ×25.4 ×12.7 mm). Biogas production rates for System A ranged from 6.6 L gas/L feed to 10.0 L gas/L feed. Mean values for System B ranged from 7.1 L gas/L feed to 11.9 L gas/L feed. Methane and carbon dioxide comprised 68% and 28%, respectively, of the gas from both systems. Hydrogen sulfide averaged 1.5% and 1.4% for systems A and B, respectively. A pilot-scale biogas collection and utilization system was also constructed and successfully demonstrated. Details of the pilot-scale system design are provided in the paper to help processors better understand how the technology might be applied.     

植物性抗生育剂防治幼林地兔害研究

在山西省吕梁山国有林管理局下李林场新造油松和侧柏混交林内,以20m×40m的面积投放一堆植物性抗生育剂和红胡萝卜混合药饵200g,对照地不放药。通过对施药前后试验地与对照地兔粪和苗木为害率调查数据进行统计分析,结果表明,与对照相比,投放植物性抗生育剂能显著减少幼林地内野兔活动频率和对苗木的为害。     

Number of Pollen Grains in Rice Cultivars with Different Cool-Weather Resistance at the Young Microspore Stage

Abstract

The difference in the number of pollen grains may be the primary factor determining the resistance to cool weather at the young microspore stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. To confirm this hypothesis, we compared the number of pollen grains among the cultivars or lines with various cool-weather resistance. The cultivars or lines used in the experiments were mainly released or grown in the Tohoku district (the northern part of the mainland of Japan). The number of pollen grains showed high correlation with the degree of cool-weather resistance, but considerably varied with the cultivar or line, even in the group having the same cool-weather resistance. Each group with different cool-weather resistance was divided into two subgroups, implying the existence of another genetic factor determining the resistance. The number of pollen grains in the plants cooled at the young microspore stage showed higher correlation with the degree of the cool-weather resistance than that in the control plants without exposure to low temperature. The correlation between the pollen number and spikelet sterility was also analyzed using the data of Satake and Shibata (1992, Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 61 :454–462), who primarily used the cultivars in Hokkaido (the northernmost island of Japan). The results were basically the same as those obtained in the present experiments. These results confirmed the hypothesis that the variation in the number of pollen grains is a primary factor of the resistance to cool weather at the booting stage in the cultivars in the northern part of Japan. The results also suggested the existence of another genetic factor determining the resistance.     

老芒麦幼穗的分化过程

在河北省承德市鱼儿山牧场中国农业大学科技攻关实验站 ,以生长二年的老芒麦为试验材料 ,研究不同生长时期老芒麦植株幼穗的分化规律。试验结果表明 ,老芒麦幼穗分化过程中茎尖生长锥出现一系列的形态变化 ,并根据分化的特征将其分为初生期、伸长期、结节期、二棱期、小穗突起期、颖片突起期、小花突起期和雌雄蕊形成期 8个时期