Effect of different drip irrigation methods and fertilization on growth,physiology and water use of young apple tree

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three drip irrigation methods (i.e. conventional drip irrigation (CDI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated with full watering, alternate drip irrigation (ADI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half of the full watering, and fixed drip irrigation (FDI), only one side of the root-zone irrigated with half of the full watering) on growth, physiology, root hydraulic conductance and water use of young apple tree under different nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization (i.e. CK (no fertilization), N₁ (0.2 g N/kg), N₂ (0.4 g N/kg), P₁ (0.2 g P₂O₅/kg) and P₂ (0.4 g P₂O₅/kg)). Results show that compared to CDI, ADI and FDI reduced mean root dry mass, daily transpiration, root hydraulic conductance (K_r), leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of young apple tree by 6.9 and 27.7, 29.3 and 45.0, 6.8 and 37.9, 2.5 and 4.8, 32.6 and 33.0, 22.1 and 22.3%, but increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) by 31.3 and 29.8%, respectively when they saved irrigation water by 50%. Compared to the CK, N or P fertilization significantly increased K_r, and K_r was increased with the increased N or P fertilization level. There were parabolic correlations between K_r and root dry mass, daily transpiration and stomatal conductance. Our results indicate that ADI reduced transpiration rate significantly, but it did not reduce photosynthesis rate and K_r significantly, thus alternate drip irrigation improved WUE and the regulation ability of water balance in plants.     

Wind dispersal of oribatid mites as a mode of migration

Oribatid mites are important colonizers of young soils, but little is known about their immigration pathways. In this study, one often-stated hypothesis was tested quantitatively: that wind is an important dispersal pathway. The aim was (1) to detect wind dispersal in oribatid mites (using sticky traps at different heights above ground level) and to determine factors influencing wind dispersal, (2) to investigate whether oribatids can survive wind dispersal and immigrate by wind into young soils (using mini-pitfall traps in test plots with oribatid-free substrate, active immigration being prohibited) and (3) to find out whether those oribatids are able to colonize young soils (using soil cores from the test plots). The results demonstrate (1) that mainly arboreal oribatid species were dispersed by wind - even at 160 m height - and can therefore be spread over large distances. Nevertheless, about 10% of the wind-dispersed oribatid mites belonged to species able to live in the soil and may therefore be potential colonizers of young soils. The number of specimen and species transported by wind was the highest close to the soil surface and the number of dispersed individuals was mainly influenced by seasonality and humidity. The results also suggest that the probability of a soil oribatid being dispersed by wind depends on its original microhabitat (tree habitats > soil surface > deeper soil layers) and its body weight. It was also shown that soil-dwelling oribatid mites survived wind dispersal and immigrated by wind into the test plots and that colonization of the test plots took at least 2 months longer than immigration. However, colonization success was low during the first 2 years of investigation and only Trichoribates incisellus was found several times in the nutrient-poor substrate. Therefore, wind dispersal is an important migration pathway, especially for arboreal oribatids. We suggest that immigration into young soils most likely occurs by repeated short-distance dispersal. Only some species are able to survive the hostile conditions of wind dispersal as well as of pioneer soils, but those that do are potentially the founders of new populations.     

池塘虾蟹生态养殖微孔管道增氧高产高效养殖试验

利用微孔管道增氧技术,进行池塘虾蟹生态养殖试验。结果表明,在16675m2池塘中收获河蟹2800kg,平均单产达112kg/667m2,平均效益达7500元/667m2。微孔管道增氧技术对虾蟹养殖增产增效作用明显。     

Environmental correlates of two macro-decapods distribution in Central Italy: Multi-dimensional ecological knowledge as a tool for conservation of endangered species

Using a multi-dimensional ecological design, this study aimed first to analyse whether local environmental conditions can account for the spatial segregation of two Italian native decapods, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus and the river crab Potamon fluviatile, in Central Italy freshwater ecosystems. Second, we aimed to analyse which environmental variables were more closely associated with the presence/absence of the two decapods in specific sites within their distribution area. Following a factorial design, a total of 32 sites were selected in two neighbouring geographic areas, one occupied by crayfish and one by crabs. Within each distribution area, eight streams where the decapod was present and eight where it was not present were selected. At each site, macro-invertebrate community composition and 16 abiotic variables were recorded and analysed with multi-variate methods. Variations in physical (minimum and maximum temperatures), chemical (calcium, oxygen, nitrate and nitrite) and geomorphological (substrate composition) parameters explained spatial segregation of P. fluviatile and A. italicus in the study area. The occurrence of crayfish reflected variations of chemistry (such as pH, calcium, nitrate and nitrite concentrations), temperature, water depth and substrate composition. On the contrary, the presence of the river crab, within its occurrence zone, was not associated to any biotic and abiotic parameters and was probably affected by anthropogenic pressure and uncontrolled harvesting. These findings provide fundamental ecological data for the maintenance of the two decapod natural populations as well as for the selection of areas and streams adequate for their reintroduction.     

Habitat fragmentation in marine landscapes: relative effects of habitat cover and configuration on juvenile crab survival in California and North Carolina seagrass beds

Processes that dictate faunal abundance (e.g. predation) may be linked primarily to the configuration of habitat (e.g. patch size, patch isolation, proximity to edge) or simply to the amount of habitat (i.e. habitat cover) in marine and terrestrial systems. I asked whether juvenile crab survival in marine seagrass habitats is linked to habitat cover or to habitat configuration, and whether relationships between crab survival and habitat features were similar in two widely separated seagrass landscapes (Bodega Harbor, California and Back Sound, North Carolina, USA). I also evaluated the independent effects of seagrass structural complexity (shoot density and shoot biomass per unit area) and habitat fragmentation on crab survival. Juvenile red rock crabs (Cancer productus: 1+year class) were tethered in Bodega Harbor and juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus: 0+year class) were tethered in Back Sound. Seagrass cover in both landscapes ranged from <10 to 100% over 10×10 m areas. Crab survival was correlated with elements of landscape structure and structural complexity in both landscapes, but relationships between crab survival and specific habitat features differed between the two landscapes. In California, juvenile red rock crab survival was negatively correlated with seagrass cover and was positively correlated with seagrass shoot density, and was marginally (P=0.06) negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. In North Carolina, juvenile blue crab survival was positively correlated with log₁₀ patch area and was negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. The results indicate that (1) both seagrass cover and configuration may influence crab survival; (2) seagrass structural complexity influences crab survival independently of landscape structure; (3) the relative influence of cover, configuration and structural complexity on survival likely differ among seagrass landscapes; and (4) increasing structural complexity (e.g. shoot biomass) may not always lead to increased faunal survival. The results correspond to those of recent studies in marine and terrestrial landscapes showing widely variable faunal responses to landscape structure among species, geographic location and through time, and imply that seagrass restoration and conservation strategies should incorporate species-specific responses to habitat structure at multiple scales.     

量天尺和仙人掌为砧木嫁接的蟹爪越冬情况及对策

量天尺(Hylocereus undatus)和仙人掌(Opuntia dillenii)是蟹爪(Zygocactus truncates)嫁接最常用的砧木。主要分析了由它们嫁接的植株越冬结果及产生不同结果的原因,提出了应对方法。     

大规格河蟹健康养殖的种质研究

河蟹苗种的质量是大规格河蟹健康养殖成功与否的关键因素之一。在选择蟹种前,必须掌握不同水系蟹种的特点,要善于从不同水系的蟹种中选择优质亲本和苗种。另外,既要能识别性早熟的蟹种,也要尽可能自行培育优质蟹种。在合理放养时,要注意河蟹种的优先选择顺序,同时要掌握放养的技术要点。     

苏柳932等5个柳树优良无性系幼林生长及干形的初步研究

为进一步了解柳树优良无性系的生长特点,为无性系的合理利用提供依据,对苏柳932,799,795,797和172等5个柳树优良无性系2年生幼林的树高、胸径、材积等生长指标以及生物量和形率进行了测定分析。结果表明,苏柳5个无性系的胸径平均值为4．28cm,其中苏柳172的平均胸径最大（4．71cm）;树高平均值为6．97m,其中苏柳795平均树高最高（7．75m）。苏柳795的形率qo．5、q0．7值分别为0．68,0．44,是各无性系中形率的最高值,主干生物量占单株地上部分总生物量的比例最高（76．02％）,出材率高,是优良的用材林树种;而苏柳932的总生物量最高,为12．35kg／株,枝量、叶量占总生物量的比例最大,为42．0％,14．4％,属于防风防浪和生物能源林的造林良种。     

中华绒螯蟹在“蟹龙宫”饲养环境中的个体蜕壳与生长

分析"蟹龙宫"饲养中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在一个蜕壳周期的蜕壳与生长情况。结果发现:"蟹龙宫"饲养中华绒螯蟹蜕壳后体质量平均增长率为33.19%,头胸甲长、头胸甲宽和体高的平均增长率为12.12%～14.97%,平均蜕壳间期为59.35 d。蜕壳前平均肥满度达60.84%,头胸甲的色度值(RGB)平均为109.17,蜕皮激素(EH)含量达14.18 IU/mL。试验河蟹在蜕壳前生长性状、EH含量和蜕壳间期长短与蜕壳后的增长率不存在显著相关性(P0.05)。在"蟹龙宫"的个体养殖系统中,中华绒螯蟹的肥满度达60%,蜕皮激素含量升至14 IU/mL时会启动蜕壳。     

东北稻蟹中18种微量元素含量及健康风险评价

为探讨东北地区（黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省）稻田养殖河蟹的微量元素含量水平和食用安全性,于2017年9月在东北主要养殖区采集稻田养殖河蟹56份,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）检测了河蟹体内18种微量元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数（P_i）和每周可耐受摄入量（PTWI）、目标危害商值（THQ）法分别评价了其污染程度和食用安全性。结果表明：河蟹中检出的大多数微量元素含量远高于该地区池塘养殖的淡水鱼类;吉林省河蟹体内的Cr、Cd、U等10种微量元素含量与其他两省份相比存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;所有样品的Cu、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均未超出国家食品安全标准;5种重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr）的成人每周实际摄入量（AWI）低于食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）推荐的每周可耐受摄入量;5种重金属和其他4种有害微量元素（Ba、U、Ag和Be）的人体每日摄入量（EDI）低于美国环保署（USEPA）推荐的参考剂量（RfD）。研究表明食用东北稻田养殖河蟹摄入的微量元素对食用人群没有明显的健康风险。在检测的18种微量元素中,Ba、Pb和Cd对复合污染物风险指数（HI）贡献率较高,是主要的风险元素。