CIMMYT小麦种质C615抗叶锈病QTL分析

由Puccinia triticina引起的叶锈病是小麦主要病害之一, 引进种质C615具有叶锈病成株期抗性, 但其抗病性遗传机制尚不清楚。本研究以抗病亲本C615与高感叶锈病亲本宁麦18构建的F_2:7代重组自交系群体为材料, 利用337对多态性SSR标记构建遗传连锁图谱, 结合2016、2017连续两年的叶锈病鉴定结果进行复合区间作图, 结果在1BL、2DS、3BS、4DL和6BS染色体上共发现了5个抗性QTL, 暂命名为QLr.njau-1BL、QLr.njau-2DS、QLr.njau-3BS、QLr.njau-4DL和QLr.njau-6BS。其中, QLr.njau-1BL、QLr.njau-3BS和QLr.njau-4DL在两年均被检测到, 分别解释10.1%~15.7%、10.9%~13.5%和8.2%~9.0%的表型变异; 另2个QTL只在一年被检测到, 解释6.2%和9.2%的表型变异。除QLr.njau-2DS外的4个抗性QTL均来源于抗病亲本C615。QLr.njau-1BL和QLr.njau-4DL分别与已报道的慢病性基因Lr46、Lr67在同一区域, QLr.njau-3B可能为一个新的抗叶锈病QTL。此外, 本研究在C615/扬麦13 (轮回亲本)BC₄F₅回交群体中选出了15个农艺性状优良且抗叶锈病的株系, 利用与C615所含抗性QTL紧密连锁的7个SSR标记对其进行基因型检测, 结果显示所有这15个株系均含有来自C615的抗性QTL, 且有3个株系聚合了全部抗性位点, 表明C615可作为抗源亲本用于高产、抗病育种。本研究结果将为分子标记选育抗叶锈品种提供材料和技术支撑。     

引黄灌区浑水管道输水临界不淤流速分析与计算

为了解决引黄灌区浑水管道输水灌溉工程中泥沙淤堵问题,合理确定临界不淤流速,用试验沙样和清水配制了6组不同含沙量的浑水水样,在4种规格管径的管道中进行了浑水管道输水临界不淤流速试验．分析了浑水含沙量、输水管径、泥沙密度和颗粒粒径对临界不淤流速的影响．结果表明:当管径和泥沙密度不变时,临界不淤流速随含沙量的增大而增大;当含沙量和泥沙密度不变时,临界不淤流速随管径的增大而增大;泥沙密度和粒径对临界不淤流速影响也很明显,特别是泥沙颗粒的上限粒径(d90或d95),一般最先沉降到管底的是粒径比较大的泥沙颗粒．同时,基于泥沙悬浮效率系数和悬浮泥沙能量耗损的角度,建立了临界不淤流速计算公式;利用试验数据,确定了泥沙悬浮效率系数计算方法;经试验并比较了临界不淤流速的实测值与计算值,两者之间的最大误差为2958％．     

Identification of a major QTL for adult plant resistance to coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in the natural Timor hybrid (Coffea arabica x C. canephora)

Most of the commercial varieties of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) derived from the Timor hybrid (TH) have been shown to contain major genes for coffee leaf rust (CLR) resistance. To identify markers tightly linked to such genes, an F₂ mapping population derived from a cross between ‘Caturra’ (susceptible variety) and the TH‐derived DI.200 line (highly resistant) was generated. Using expressed sequence information and a bioinformatics approach, both targeted region amplified polymorphism (TRAPs) markers and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were identified. Phenotypic evaluations in the field and under controlled conditions confirmed the existence of one quantitative trait locus for CLR resistance. Four candidate SSR markers were associated with high CLR resistance. They spanning a region of 2.5 cM designated Q_{CLR_4} located within chromosome 4 of the international C. canephora map. The presence of this region was confirmed in a set of elite lines and commercial varieties. The Q_{CLR_4} region corresponds to a new and genetically independent S_H locus that could potentially be useful in gene pyramiding with other genes to enhance rust resistance in TH derivatives.     

统计模型对如皋黄鸡产蛋数遗传参数估计值的影响

为了评估不同的动物模型对如皋黄鸡产蛋数遗传参数的影响。2009—2012年采集如皋黄鸡的生产记录,包括8575只蛋鸡（来自242个父系,1362个母系）,评估模型分为单性状模型和多性状模型,利用WOMBAT软件以平均信息约束最大似然法(AIREML)分析表型方差组分。结果表明：开产日对统计第1—2月产蛋数有着重要影响,应将其列入固定效应;加性遗传方差小于永久环境方差,产蛋数受环境因素影响更多一些;开产第一月产蛋数遗传力最高,产蛋高峰产蛋数遗传力最低,产蛋后期产蛋数遗传力略有上调;如皋黄鸡前四个月产蛋数与开产至40周龄产蛋数遗传相关系数在0.67-0.79之间,相邻产蛋月遗传相关系数较高;开产阶段产蛋数与产蛋末期产蛋数的相关系数较小,因此,地方特色蛋鸡选育时应考虑增加产蛋后期产蛋数指标。     

Evaluation of seedling and adult plant resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia hordei</Emphasis> in barley

The responses of 92 barley genotypes to selected Puccinia hordei pathotypes were assessed in greenhouse tests at seedling growth stages and in the field at adult plant growth stages to identify known and/or unknown resistances. On the basis of multipathotype tests, 35 genotypes were postulated to carry Rph1, Rph2, Rph4, Rph5, Rph12, RphCantala, alone or in combination (Rph2 + Rph4 and Rph1 + Rph2), whereas 52 genotypes lacked seedling resistance to P. hordei to the pathotypes used. Five genotypes carried seedling resistance that was effective to all pathotypes, of which four were believed to carry uncharacterised resistance based on pedigree information. Field tests at adult plant growth stages indicated that while 28 genotypes were susceptible, 57 carried uncharacterised APR to P. hordei. Pedigree analysis indicated that APR in the test genotypes could have been derived from three different sources. The resistant responses of seven cultivars at adult plant growth stages were believed to be due to the presence of seedling resistance effective against the field pathotypes.     

Foliar diseases affect the eco-physiological attributes linked with yield and biomass in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar diseases are the main biotic cause of yield loss in wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) in Argentina and other regions around the world. Most of the studies on foliar diseases take a phytopathological perspective, but few studies have analyzed the problem with an eco-physiological approach aimed at the understanding of which crop traits are affected by foliar diseases. The present study was designed to determine the effects of a foliar disease complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot), on (i) grain yield and (ii) the physiological components of biomass production; intercepted radiation (RI) and radiation use efficiency (RUE), in bread wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different cultivars, years, location and nitrogen supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years in different locations (three in the rolling pampas of Argentina and one in northern of France). Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early (E) and late (L) sowing dates (SD); and two contrasting nitrogen availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Foliar diseases appeared during the grain filling period and affected both, leaf area duration (LAD) and healthy area duration (HAD) during that period. Foliar diseases reduced both, above-ground biomass at harvest (1533 and 1703 g m⁻² for unprotected and protected treatments, respectively) and grain yield (646 and 748 g m⁻² for unprotected and protected treatments, respectively) without important effects on harvest index. Biomass reductions after anthesis, due to the effects of foliar diseases, were associated with a reduced capacity of the canopy to absorb solar radiation more than any effect on RUE. However, RUE was consistently lower—when leaf rust was the predominant disease in the crop, suggesting that this biotrophic pathogen could affect the photosynthetic activity at the leaf or canopy level.     

Rph23: A new designated additive adult plant resistance gene to leaf rust in barley on chromosome 7H

We report on a new adult plant resistance (APR) gene Rph23 conferring resistance to leaf rust in barley. The gene was identified and characterized from a doubled haploid population derived from an intercross between the Australian barley varieties Yerong (Y) and Franklin (F). Genetic analysis of adult plant field leaf rust scores of the Y/F population collected over three successive years indicated involvement of two highly additive genes controlling APR, one of which was named Rph23. The gene was mapped to chromosome 7HS positioned at a genetic distance 36.6 cM. Rph23 is closely linked to marker Ebmac0603, which is flanked by markers bPb‐8660 and bPb‐9601 with linkage distances of 0.8 and 5.1 cM, respectively. A PCR‐based marker was optimized for marker‐assisted selection of Rph23, and on the basis of this marker, the gene was postulated as being common in Australian and global barley germplasm. Pedigree and molecular marker analyses indicated that the six‐rowed black Russian landrace ‘LV‐Taganrog’ is the likely origin of Rph23.     

3种沉水植物净化引黄灌区退水的应用潜力

随着城镇污水收集处理能力的不断提高,农业面源污染逐渐成为黄河流域尤其是引黄灌区天然河流的主要污染来源,其治理成为流域水污染防治面临的重点和难点.当前,农村水系综合整治和水美乡村建设为引黄灌区退水的生态净化提供了条件.对黄河流域3种优势沉水植物的生境特征、氮磷去除能力和环境适应能力进行了分析比较,为基于引黄灌区农业面源污...     

基于生态保护目标的黄河河口湿地生态需水计算

湿地生态需水的主要研究目的在于把握生态系统健康所匹配的最佳需水特征。从维持栖息地生态功能和维持生态水文结构合理规模两方面的生态保护管理目标出发,研究湿地生态需水计算的方法,计算黄河河口湿地的生态需水量,并反推年内不同时段黄河利津站需要下泄的生态流量。     

平阴岩溶地下水位与降水量、黄河水位的相关性分析

【目的】查明平阴岩溶地下水位对降水量、黄河水位响应的时滞差异。【方法】选取2007—2018年2个沿黄岩溶水位监测数据、同期降水量和黄河水位资料,采用互相关分析、连续小波变换和交叉小波变换对岩溶水位与降水量、黄河水位的相关性进行了分析。【结果】①降水量、岩溶水位的互相关系数具有明显的12个月的周期,黄河水位周期性不强。岩溶水位与降水量、黄河水位之间存在1～8个月和0～10个月的时间滞后。②降水量和岩溶水位存在0.86～1.20 a和0.86～1.36 a的连续主震荡周期,黄河水位存在1 a和3 a的周期变化特征。③岩溶水位对降水量、黄河水位的滞后时间为110.46～164.39 d和105.77～161.88 d,黄河水与岩溶地下水之间径流速度为21.62～25.53 m/d。【结论】平阴岩溶水位对黄河水位的时滞略小于对降水量的时滞。