基于3S技术的塔里木河干流土地利用动态监测

本文根据塔里木河干流2002年ETM、2004年的ASTER遥感影像及基础背景数据,采用数据仓库技术、空间数据和属性数据一体化、多源数据无缝集成的建库思想,实现了干流地区基础背景、遥感、专题及属性数据的入库管理;在RS,GIS及GPS等技术支撑下,通过对干流2002年和2004年的土地利用信息的提取及分析,揭示了应急输水工程实施后塔里木河干流地区各土地利用类型面积的变化幅度、速度和年变化率、以及耕地的时空变化趋势.结果表明:近两年干流上中游地区耕地、天然草地、苇地等土地利用类型面积急剧增长,林地、水域、荒草地等土地类型面积均有所降低;耕地面积剧增是建立在植被破坏、水域面积减少的基础上的,研究区的整体生态环境仍不容乐观.     

黄河多沙粗沙区分布式土壤流失模型研究

以侵蚀动力学、地貌学、水文学、泥沙运动力学的理论为基础,以黄河多沙粗沙区岔巴沟流域为研究区域,以地理信息系统为平台,构建了黄河多沙粗沙区小流域分布式土壤流失数学模型,可用于计算小流域梁峁坡、沟坡和沟槽三部分的土壤流失量,并达到了产汇流模型与产输沙模型的紧密耦合;提出了当量糙率系数的概念,初步解决了定量表达水土保持工程对产汇流的影响,使模型具备了预测评价不同水土保持治理方案效益的功能;利用3S技术实现了土壤流失预测模拟信息系统的自动提取。通过对岔巴沟流域和杏子河流域土壤流失实测资料的验证表明,本模型能基本正确反映黄河多沙粗沙区流域土壤流失规律。     

明清时期北盘江流域水旱灾害的时空分布特征探析

基于长时段视角,根据史料记载并结合GIS技术,对明清时期北盘江流域水旱灾害的时空分布特征进行分析。结果显示:明清时期北盘江流域水旱灾害频发,并且明代发生次数及频率均小于清代;水旱灾害季节分布明显,分别集中在夏、秋季与春、夏季;水旱灾害的发生具有阶段性,但间歇时间总体呈波浪式缩短趋势;水旱灾害并发与交替发生情况明显;水旱灾害空间分布特征显著,主要分布在贵州普定县、镇宁州、永宁州、安南县、普安县、盘州厅一线,及北盘江流域云南境内部分。研究旨在深化对北盘江流域水旱灾害的时空分布及规律的认知,也为相关部门开展防灾、减灾工作提供参考。     

Variation in prey selection and foraging success associated with early‐life ontogeny and habitat use of American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)

Many fishes are planktivorous during early life and switch to piscivory or consume larger food items as ontogeny progresses. In contrast, paddlefish start as particulate feeders and later become filter feeders. Few studies have identified food items essential for paddlefish growth, survival and recruitment surrounding this ontogenetic diet shift. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) prey types consumed by paddlefish, (ii) variability in prey selection surrounding an ontogenetic diet shift and (iii) whether habitat affected paddlefish prey selection or foraging success. We analysed gut contents of 189 wild age‐0 paddlefish from the middle Mississippi River (MMR) and also conducted a laboratory experiment to address these objectives. We found that paddlefish primarily foraged on benthic macroinvertebrates in the MMR, which differed from previous studies in lentic systems, suggesting young paddlefish prey selection may be labile depending on habitat (i.e., lotic versus lentic). Dominant prey of wild‐caught and experimental age‐0 paddlefish were caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), followed by hemipterans and amphipods. We found little evidence that habitat attributes affected foraging success, but the most common prey items consumed were associated with wing dike habitat and the upstream and downstream tips of alluvial islands. Our experimental study revealed that if provided a mixture of organisms, age‐0 paddlefish will primarily consume macroinvertebrates while age‐1 paddlefish will mainly filter zooplankton. Overall results suggest young paddlefish prey selection can be highly variable, but also heavily reliant on a narrow group of prey resources.     

Projections of temperature extremes based on preferred CMIP5 models:a case study in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China

The extreme temperature has more outstanding impact on ecology and water resources in arid regions than the average temperature. Using the downscaled daily temperature data from 21 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP) models of NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP) and the observation data, this paper analyzed the changes in temporal and spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes, i.e., the maximum temperature(Tmax) and minimum temperature(Tmin), in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China over the period 2020–2050 based on the evaluation of preferred Multi-Model Ensemble(MME). Results showed that the Partial Least Square ensemble mean participated by Preferred Models(PM-PLS) was better representing the temporal change and spatial distribution of temperature extremes during 1961–2005 and was chosen to project the future change. In 2020–2050, the increasing rate of Tmax(Tmin) under RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 will be 2.0(1.6) times that under RCP4.5, and that of Tmin will be larger than that of Tmax under each corresponding RCP. Tmin will keep contributing more to global warming than Tmax. The spatial distribution characteristics of Tmax and Tmin under the two RCPs will overall the same; but compared to the baseline period(1986–2005), the increments of Tmax and Tmin in plain area will be larger than those in mountainous area. With the emission concentration increased, however, the response of Tmax in mountainous area will be more sensitive than that in plain area, and that of Tmin will be equivalently sensitive in mountainous area and plain area. The impacts induced by Tmin will be universal and farreaching. Results of spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes indicate that large increases in the magnitude of warming in the basin may occur in the future. The projections can provide the scientific basis for water and land plan management and disaster prevention and mitigation in the inland river basin.     

Spatial and temporal variation in otolith chemistry and its relationship with water chemistry: Stock discrimination of Sperata aor

Long‐whiskered catfish, Sperata aor (Hamilton 1822), is commercially important in food, ornamental and sport fisheries. The fish is mainly caught from the wild populations because its aquaculture practices are not commercialised. Inland fishery in the Ganga basin is mostly unorganised; hence, no published report is available on the trend of S. aor production from the selected habitat. In India, S. aor has been categorised vulnerable mainly due to natural and anthropogenic threats. Otolith chemistry shows variation with changing physico‐chemical conditions of the fish habitat. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objective to analyse spatio‐temporal variations in water chemistry in relation to environmental factors; relationship between water and otolith chemistry; and spatio‐temporal variations in otolith chemistry to discriminate the stocks of S. aor inhabiting the River Ganga. Most of the element: Ca ratios in water samples did not show significant correlations with environmental factors, viz. temperature and conductivity. Only few element: Ca concentrations in otoliths were positively correlated to their corresponding ratios in the ambient water. In the selected study area, the S. aor populations were discriminated into four stocks possibly because of heterogeneous water chemistry at the sampling sites, and physical barriers. In the present study, otolith chemistry showed relatively low temporal variability as compared to spatial variability; thus, the classification accuracy of individuals to their original populations remained consistent over the selected time period. The findings could be useful in devising scientifically sound management strategies and/or any conservation plans for the vulnerable S. aor populations inhabiting the River Ganga.     

Investigation of crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement in the lower Amu Darya River Basin,Central Asia

High water consumption and inefficient irrigation management in the agriculture sector of the middle and lower reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin(ADRB)have significantly influenced the gradual shrinking of the Aral Sea and its ecosystem.In this study,we investigated the crop water consumption in the growing seasons and the irrigation water requirement for different crop types in the lower ADRB during 2004–2017.We applied the FAO Penman–Monteith method to estimate reference evapotranspiration(ET0)based on daily climatic data collected from four meteorological stations.Crop evapotranspiration(ETc)of specific crop types was calculated by the crop coefficient.Then,we analyzed the net irrigation requirement(NIR)based on the effective precipitation with crop water requirements.The results indicated that the lowest monthly ET0 values in the lower ADRB were found in December(18.2 mm)and January(16.0 mm),and the highest monthly ET0 values were found in June and July,with similar values of 211.6 mm.The annual ETc reached to 887.2,1002.1,and 492.0 mm for cotton,rice,and wheat,respectively.The average regional NIR ranged from 514.9 to 715.0 mm in the 10 Irrigation System Management Organizations(UISs)in the study area,while the total required irrigation volume for the whole region ranged from 4.2×109 to 11.6×109 m3 during 2004–2017.The percentages of NIR in SIW(surface irrigation water)ranged from 46.4%to 65.2%during the study period,with the exceptions of the drought years of 2008 and 2011,in which there was a significantly less runoff in the Amu Darya River.This study provides an overview for local water authorities to achieve optimal regional water allocation in the study area.     

Spawning movements of humpback whitefish in interior Alaska rivers

This study was conducted to describe the spawning movements and identify spawning areas for humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Minto Flats–Chatanika River complex, Alaska, during 2008 and 2009. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted in humpback whitefish in 2008 (N = 60) and 2009 (N = 100), and fish positions were determined through a combination of boat and aerial surveys and fixed receiving stations. Two spawning areas were identified: one in the Chatanika River downstream of the Elliot Highway Bridge and the other in the Tanana River near Fairbanks. Humpback whitefish dispersed from the wetland complex of Minto Flats in June, moved upstream through late August, arrived at the spawning areas in early September and began moving downstream in early October. In 2009, spatially segregated movements were observed when approximately 40% of the radio‐tagged humpback whitefish moved to the Tanana River, suggesting that humpback whitefish in Minto Flats are comprised of mixed spawning stocks. These study results provide a complete account of humpback whitefish movements and their associated spawning habitats, which will allow for better‐informed management strategies.     

石羊河下游不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群分布格局

在样地调查的基础上,结合相邻格子取样方法,采用扩散系数(C)、丛生指标(I)、负二项参数(K)、聚块性系数(Ca)、平均拥挤指标(m*)、聚集度指标(G)、Moristia指数(Iδ)、Green指数(IG)等8个指标,对石羊河下游不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群分布格局、聚集强度进行了研究,结果表明:①沙地和盐碱地黑果枸杞个体数量较多,聚集程度相对较高,砾石和固定半固定沙地黑果枸杞的个体数量较少,聚集程度相对较低;②盐碱地和沙地黑果枸杞种群呈现聚集分布,固定半固定沙地和砾石样地相对于沙地和盐碱地的聚集程度有所减弱,有一定的随机趋势;③不同发育阶段的黑果枸杞种群格局类型总体呈现聚集分布的特点,随着龄级的增大,黑果枸杞种群分布格局表现出由聚集向均匀分布的变化趋势。     

滁河水环境污染防治对策研究

滁河为长江下游左岸一级支流,流经安徽滁州及南京江北地区。滁河既是苏皖两省的交界,又是滁州、南京六合区和浦口区的母亲河。但与此同时,滁河也承担了流域内工业废水、农业废水和生活污水等废水的受纳水体功能。滁河的水环境质量直接影响到滁河流域人民的生活饮用水安全。因此,本研究对滁河进行了水环境质量监测,分析了造成滁河水体污染的主要污染源,并调查了产生过量污染的主要原因,在此基础上提出了针对性的水污染防治对策。