绵羊Musclin基因真核表达载体的构建及其对肌细胞糖代谢和胰岛素作用的影响

为了研究绵羊Musclin对糖代谢和胰岛素作用的影响,本试验运用生物信息学软件对其结构特征进行预测,并构建绵羊Musclin基因真核表达载体.分4组对绵羊胎儿成肌细胞进行处理:空载体组(pcDNA3.1)、Musc-lin 过表达组(pcDNA3.1-Musclin)、空载体+胰岛素组(pcDNA3.1+Insulin...     

Community‐based breeding programmes are a viable solution for Ethiopian small ruminant genetic improvement but require public and private investments

Ethiopia has a large and diverse population of small ruminants, which contribute substantially to the livelihood and income of the rural poor and the country at large. However, the sector faces a number of challenges. Productivity per animal and flock offtake are both very low. Reasons attributed for the apparent low productivity are as follows: absence of appropriate breeding programmes, lack of technical capacity, inadequate and poor‐quality feeds, diseases leading to high lamb mortality, and underdeveloped markets in terms of infrastructure and information. Historically, sheep and goats have received little policy or investment attention. Genetic improvement of small ruminants could contribute to bridging the productivity gap. In the past, the government of Ethiopia has placed much emphasis on importing exotic genetics and cross‐breeding with local stock as a strategy for genetic improvement. However, this has not led to a significant productivity improvement and the programmes have generally been unsustainable. Currently, there is a change in approach and a recognition of the need to focus genetic improvement efforts on the local genetic resources that are well adapted to the diverse agro‐ecologies and production environments in the country. Community‐based breeding programmes (CBBPs), which focus on indigenous stock and consider farmers’ needs, views, decisions and active participation, from inception through to implementation, have been identified as programmes of choice. The Ethiopian government and the private sector need to invest in strategic areas around CBBPs to make the programme work for the poor and be sustainable in low‐input systems.     

复方中药对热应激条件下杂交小尾寒羊生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响

针对目前生产中绵羊遭受热应激的现状,研究了热应激条件下复方中药对杂交羊（小尾寒羊×内蒙古细毛羊）生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响。选择4味中草药（香薷、大黄、厚朴和黄芩）,按3∶3∶2∶2进行组方。选择240只、体重（36.61±0.73） kg相近的育肥后期杂交绵羊,随机分为4组,各组羊分别饲喂含干物质含量的0（对照组）、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复方中药,每组60只羊。试验期为28 d,试验期间羊舍温湿指数平均达79.68。结果表明：1）从生理指标上,日粮中添加不同剂量的中药可显著降低羊的呼吸频率（P<0.05）,并提高了羊的躺卧比例,尤其是下午12：00-16：00,较对照组提高了13.38%~19.15%。2）从生产性能上,饲喂中药显著提高了羊的平均日采食量（ADFI）和平均日增重（ADG）（P<0.05）,不同中药组的ADFI较对照组提高了1.05%~7.21%（P<0.05）,ADG和料重比（F/G）以0.5%组效果最好,ADG较对照组提高了12.12%（P<0.05）,F/G降低了14.68%（P<0.05）。3）从血液理化指标上,饲喂中药组的血清甲状腺素（T₄）和皮质醇（COR）含量分别表现出增加和降低趋势（P<0.05）,尤其0.5%组,T₄含量较对照组提高了13.97%（P<0.05）,而COR含量降低了33.15%（P<0.05）。从血清常规代谢营养指标看,各组间尿素氮（BUN）和葡萄糖（GLU）含量均表现出显著性差异（P<0.05）,0.5%组GLU含量较对照组极显著提高（P<0.01）,而BUN含量显著下降（P<0.05）。4）从经济效益分析,饲喂0.5%~1.5%中药可使增重效益提高了7.50%~13.91%,0.5%组净收益最高（4.85元·d^-1·只^-1）。可见,该复方中药可以有效缓解杂交小尾寒羊的热应激,添加日粮干物质的0.5%最佳。     

复方吡喹酮注射液防治羊脑多头蚴病的试验研究

为了获得复方吡喹酮注射液治疗羊脑多头蚴病的最佳治疗剂量,本试验应用复方吡喹酮注射液30、50、80 mg/kg BW三个剂量组对患羊脑多头蚴病的绵羊进行治疗,设80 mg/kg BW剂量的丙硫咪唑作为药物对照组.试验结果表明,30 mg/kg BW剂量组治愈率较低,为68.97%,不能达到治疗目的;50和80 mg/kg BW剂量对羊脑多头蚴均有很强的驱杀作用,对病羊的治愈率分别为91.84%和92.85%,但两组间差异不显著(P＞0.05);高、中剂量组(80、50 mg/kg BW)与低剂量组、药物对照组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01).50 mg/kg BW剂量为防治羊脑多头蚴病的最佳治疗剂量.     

羊同期发情腹腔镜输精最佳时间的研究

[目的]确定羊同期发情腹腔镜输精的最佳时间。[方法]选取繁殖机能正常、营养状况良好的适龄母羊,在试验母羊阴道内放置孕酮海绵栓10~14 d,撤栓时肌肉注射250~330 IU/只孕马血清促性腺激素（PMSG）。撤栓后12~24 h开始试情,早晚各1次。按撤栓后时间及发情时间不同分4组进行腹腔镜输精：1组为撤栓后46~50 h输精（n=138）,2组为撤栓后50~54 h输精（n=156）,3组为撤栓后54~58 h输精（n=275）,4组为羊发情后30~36 h输精（n=226）。输精后第40~45天进行B超检查,计算各组母羊受胎率。[结果]发情后30~36 h输精的母羊（4组）受胎率最高,为97.79%,其次为撤栓后50~54 h输精的母羊（2组）,受胎率为97.44%,撤栓后46~50 h输精的母羊（1组）受胎率为91.30%;撤栓后54~58 h输精的母羊（3组）受胎率最低,为89.82%。[结论]采用同期发情配合腹腔镜输精技术进行母羊人工授精,最佳输精时间为撤栓后50~54 h以及母羊发情后30~36 h。     

VEGF在绵羊生殖管道中的表达规律

以不同发情周期雌性绵羊子宫、输卵管为研究对象,采用免疫组织化学技术,针对血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在绵羊子宫、输卵管的表达、定位和变化规律进行了检测,同时应用相关图像分析软件对抗原染色强度进行了定量分析。结果表明：输卵管在发情0～15d,VEGF表达量在第9天达到峰值后经历波动逐渐下降过程,输卵管内膜上皮细胞是VEGF抗原的主要靶细胞;而子宫角在发情0～15d,VEGF表达量在第5天达到峰值后经历波动逐渐下降过程,子宫内膜固有层及腺体周围细胞为VEGF抗原的主要靶细胞。该研究结果为绵羊生产中进一步提高受胎率和妊娠率及频密产羔等技术的应用提供了科学依据。     

中亚与新疆绿洲农业的比较

基于实地考查和调研,应用“水热做图分析及干燥度法（K、K′值）]综合研究体系”,对中亚与新疆绿洲农区的形成条件、水热配合、分布类型及其对绿洲农业的影响进行比较研究,初步将研究区分为2大类4小类,即山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区和沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区;4小类包括：① 中亚山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区;② 新疆山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区;③ 中亚沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区;④ 新疆沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区。不同类型绿洲农区的气候资源、土地资源以及环境和社会资源等的差异,给绿洲农业带来多方面的影响,突出表现在：① 灌溉模式。在加强水利建设、实施合理灌溉的基础上,中亚山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区应充分利用雨季降水,实施节水灌溉;而新疆山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区、中亚与新疆沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区则更需强调节水灌溉。② 棉花生产。沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区适合植棉;山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区气温较高,也适合植棉,但需要配套的栽培技术,海拔较高、纬度偏北区域则不能植棉。     

发酵牛羊粪的纤维素分解菌筛选

通过固体培养初选和摇瓶发酵复选,从腐烂的秸秆、腐草、腐树干中筛选获得酶活较高的真菌、放线茵和细菌各2株,将6个菌株分别接种到不同的碳源的牛羊粪中,经过2d培养后测定其CMC酶活.结果表明:不同菌种对同一粪便的酶活力不一样;同一菌株在不同粪便中表现的酶活力也不一样.其中,P2-6和P2-7在牛粪上酶活力最强,P2-6和B2-6及P2-7在羊粪上酶活力较强.最终确定以上3株菌株为牛羊粪堆肥发酵的首选菌株.     

Association of toll‐like receptor 2 polymorphisms with somatic cell score in Xinjiang Brown cattle

This study aims to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the TLR2 gene, and analyze the association of SNPs or haplotypes and somatic cell scores in 151 Xinjiang Brown cattle and 138 Holsteins to evaluate the role of TLR2 during intramammary infections. TLR2 coding region was amplified by PCR and screened for SNP sequencing. Genotypes and frequencies of SNPs were identified. Finally, the associations of genotypes or haplotypes and somatic cell scores (SCS) were analyzed. The results showed that: (i) 15 SNPs (E+653, E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1250, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1891, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055, E+2214 and E+2295) were observed and detected from 289 cows; (ii) distribution of the 14 SNPs were significantly different from Xinjiang Brown cattle and Holstein (P < 0.001) except for the E+945 (P > 0.05); (iii) in 11 SNPs (E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055 and E+2214), the SCS of AB genotype was lower than AA (P < 0.05) in Xinjiang Brown cattle; and (iv) haplotypes composed of the above‐mentioned 11 SNPs were constructed. The SCS of cattle with Hap5 was lower than that of Hap3 (P < 0.05). This suggests that Hap5 might play an important role in sub‐mastitis resistance in Xinjiang Brown cattle.     

不同品种受体对绵羊胚胎移植效果及羔羊早期生长性能的影响

旨在探讨以小尾寒羊和蒙古羊作为受体时,二者的胚胎移植效果及所产羔羊的早期生长性能之间的差异。选用南非肉用美利奴羊(n=11)和澳洲白绵羊(n=110)作为供体,以小尾寒羊(n=196)和蒙古羊(n=504)作为受体;对供体母羊进行超数排卵以及人工授精处理,记录供体母羊的收集胚胎总数和可用胚胎数,计算平均每只羊收集的可用胚胎数以及胚胎合格率;对小尾寒羊和蒙古羊进行同期发情及胚胎移植处理,记录受体母羊的产羔数,计算繁殖率;计算并比较不同受体母羊所产羔羊的平均初生重、成活率以及70日龄断奶羔羊数、70日龄断奶重、平均日增重、平均每只母羊提供的断奶羔羊数。结果表明,从供体母羊中共获得可用胚胎549枚,平均每只羊收集可用胚胎4.54枚,胚胎合格率为82.56%;利用胚胎移植技术,移植受体母羊529只,所产羔羊240只,平均繁殖率为45.37%;小尾寒羊的发情率和繁殖率明显高于蒙古羊;共获得70日龄断奶羔羊211只,羔羊成活率为87.92%,平均日增重为280.00g;小尾寒羊和蒙古羊所产的羔羊初生重没有显著差异(P>0.05),小尾寒羊所产羔羊的70日龄断奶重和平均日增重分别极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)高于蒙古羊,而蒙古羊所产羔羊的成活率显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05);平均每只小尾寒羊母羊可提供的断奶羔羊数(0.42只)略高于蒙古羊(0.39只),小尾寒羊作为胚胎移植受体略具有优势。综合分析表明,在内蒙古兴安盟地区小尾寒羊和蒙古羊均可以作为胚胎移植的受体来使用。