厦门湾海域营养盐时空分布与富营养化状况分析

根据2010年8月厦门湾海水水质监测资料,阐述氮磷营养盐的变化趋势及其相互关系,并探讨厦门湾海域富营养化程度。结果表明,厦门湾表层COD、DIN和 PO4-P分布趋势大致从厦门西海域、马銮湾和九龙江口向湾外递减;相关性分析说明调查海域COD、DIN和PO4-P主要来源是厦门湾沿岸陆源排放和九龙江河流营养盐的输入;COD、PO4-P与N H4-N的来源可能相同,有着相似的生物地球化学过程,而NO3-N可能主要来源于九龙江。厦门湾的N/P值变化范围为2.26～117.30,其中九龙江口、东南部海域和大嶝海域的大部分地区的 N/P均大于16,从N/P值来看,营养盐结构为磷限制。而西海域北部、同安湾和马銮湾则属于氮限制海域。厦门湾海域富营养化指数（E ）范围为0.013～118.168,马銮湾、西海域北部和高集海堤附近海域的富营养化指数较高。     

The Feasibility and Economic Potential of Geoduck Aquaculture in Neah Bay,Washington

The geoduck clam, Panopea abrupta, is an economically important species and mainly cultured in the Southern Puget Sound of Washington State. There are no examples of intertidal geoduck aquaculture in Neah Bay. Since 2011, the Makah Fisheries Management （MFM） has started a pilot project supported by the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Business Enterprise Grant （USDA-RBEG）. The MFM aquaculture practice and results showed that the Neah Bay beaches are feasible for intertidal geoduck aquaculture, and have the proper conditions to produce high quality geoduck clams. As compared to finfish culture, there is little environmental concern for geoduck aquaculture due to the natural seawater fluctuation （no artificial feeding） and the intertidal nature （no genetic mixing）. This advantage provides the opportunity for community members of all backgrounds to partake in the aquaculture process, with low investment costs for establishing a family-based geoduck farming business. Overall, the high market value and the economic potential make geoduck aquaculture an ideal candidate in development of remote and rural areas along the Washington coast.     

桑沟湾春季有色溶解有机物(CDOM)吸收光谱特性及空间分布特征

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是水生态系统中碳的重要来源,其光学性质可示踪海水中溶解有机物组分的动态信息。利用紫外可见吸收光谱手段,分区域测定了桑沟湾春季水体及表层沉积物间隙水中CDOM的吸收光谱特征,探讨了CDOM的来源组成、空间分布特征、迁移转化过程及其与养殖活动的关系。结果表明,(1)波长为355_的吸收系数(a(355))范围为0.23~9.09 /m,不同水层空间分布差异显著,表层和底层均从近岸区向贝藻区逐渐降低,之后在海带区升高后向外海逐渐降低；海带区从表层向底层先降低后升高,高密度、规模化的海带养殖释放了大量的CDOM,各区域沉积物间隙水a(355)是其表中底之和的1.3~2.5倍,CDOM在沉积物间隙水中富集并逐渐累积。(2)光谱斜率(S_275-295)范围为0.013~0.036,外海区和海带区S_275-295均值显著高于其他各区,海带区和外海区CDOM中海源有机质占主要成分,而近岸区以陆源有机质为主；近岸区CDOM中的腐殖酸类物质含量从表层到底层逐渐降低,沉积物中积累的富里酸类物质含量较高,海带区和外海区呈相反趋势。(3)比紫外吸光度(SUVA₂₅₄)范围为4.60~14.10 L/(mg.m),贝类区、贝藻区和藻类区SUVA₂₅₄均呈现出从表层到底层逐渐增大的趋势,CDOM的芳香性逐渐增强并在沉积物间隙水中达到最大；海带区和外海区沉积物间隙水中的SUVA₂₅₄显著高于其他各区,表明海带区的规模化养殖活动向养殖海区及邻近海域贡献了较多的惰性溶解有机物,暗示着海带养殖活动有较强的碳汇效应并通过海流作用向外海输送。     

人为践踏对香山公园绿地的影响分析

香山景色秀丽,名胜遍布,风光旖旎,是中国著名的旅游胜地,是中外闻名的北京十大公园之一。香山久负盛名,吸引了来自世界各地的游客,但是旅游途程中,游客有意无意的践踏对绿地造成了恶劣的破坏。从笔者调查的数据可知,践踏影响到了绿地中草本植物物种和个体的数量,而且根据计算所得土壤物理量而知,土壤的容重增大,孔隙度减少对植物的生长,水分和矿物质元素的吸收,呼吸作用等生命活动都有较大的抑制,使绿地中的草本植物生长不好,易造成香山公园内小面积的水土流失。笔者在分析说明后,对此提出了定期松动土壤、制造隔栏等合理化建议。     

Impact of coloniser plant species on the development of decomposer microbial communities following deglaciation

The effects of coloniser plant species on microbial community growth and composition were investigated on recently deglaciated terrain at Glacier Bay, south-east Alaska. Analysis of microbial communities using phospholipids fatty acid analysis (PLFA) revealed that Alnus and Rhacomitrium had the greatest impact on microbial growth, increasing total PLFA by some 6-7 fold relative to bare soil, whereas Equisetum led to a 5.5 fold increase in total PLFA relative to bare soil. These coloniser species also had significant effects on the composition of their associated microbial communities. Rhacomitrium, Alnus, and Equisetum increased bacterial PLFA, a measure of bacterial biomass, relative to bare soil. Rhacomitrium and Alnus also dramatically increased the concentration of the fungal fatty 18:2ω6 in soil relative to bare soil, by 12-fold and 8-fold, respectively. The net effect of the above changes was a significant increase in the ratio of fungal: bacterial fatty acids in soil associated with Alnus and Rhacomitrium, but not Equisetum. Possible reasons for these effects of particular plants on microbial communities are discussed, as is their significance in relation to the development of microbial communities in relatively sterile, recently deglaciated ground.     

两种生态系统服务价值评估方法的比较研究——以环杭州湾地区为例

生态系统服务价值可以用来衡量生态环境的状况,但目前尚未形成统一的价值核算方法,该研究旨在比较评估方法及计算结果的差异。当量因子评估法和功能价值评估法被用于计算环杭州湾区域2000—2015年的生态系统服务价值,并对其结果进行了比较分析。结果表明:当量因子评估法的结果显示生态系统服务价值在2000年、2015年分别为779.58亿元和736.63亿元,功能价值评估法的结果是781.86亿元与810.37亿元。两种方法的结果较为接近,但呈现上升、下降两种相反的变化趋势。针对这一差异比较两种生态系统服务价值计算方法,认为功能价值评估法针对较小空间尺度的评价更为细致,能充分评估生态城市建设用地的产出,展现出的生态系统服务价值在功能结构、空间分布上更均衡,因而更适用以环杭州湾地区为例的城市化度较高的区域。     

乳山湾东流区水体有机物与氮,磷营养盐及盐度的关系

通过调查分析结果得出，乳山湾水体中ＣＯＤ与盐度呈负相关趋势，在养殖高峰期的７月和８月显著性较差。ＣＯＤ与ＮＯ３－Ｎ和ＰＯ４－Ｄ呈正相关趋势，但除６月份与ＮＯ３－Ｎ显著性较高外，７，８，９月份相关性不十分显著。硝酸盐与盐度具有较显著的负相关关系。     

东山湾导流工程可行性研究↑（*）

东山湾西部水域趋向富营养化，水产资源受损。为改变这一状况，对东山湾另开一条沟通外海的水道，兴建导流工程进行了探讨。经潮流场数值模拟与计算，证实打通八尺门后，东山湾西部不域水交换状况可显著改善；通过对几个工程方案的比较分析，确认全部打开八尺门海堤建大桥为最佳方案，实施导流工程不仅利于生态环境和水产业，在海防，旅游，港建等方面也会产生显著的经济和社会效益。