陵水湾浮游动物群落结构特征及其季节变化

为了探明陵水湾浮游动物饵料情况,本研究依据2014年11月(秋季)、2015年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和2016年1月(冬季)陵水湾4个航次的调查资料,分析了该海湾浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、丰度和生物量、生物多样性等群落结构特征及其影响因素。调查共发现浮游动物94种和浮游幼虫21类,其中桡足类(Copepoda)最多,有38种,其次是水螅水母类(Hydromedusae)11种,毛颚类(Chaetognatha)8种,其余类群种类数在1～6种之间。浮游动物群落主要由广温广盐类群、暖水沿岸类群和暖水外海类群组成,优势种主要分布在前两个类群,无全年优势种;浮游幼虫是陵水湾的重要类群,丰度呈现为冬季(低温)高于春季(高温)。与亚热带海域不同,低温已不再是制约陵水湾海洋生物生长的主要因子。浮游动物丰度和生物量均呈现为秋季最高,春季最低,冬季高于夏季。浮游动物群落物种Shannon-Wiener指数(H￠)和均匀度指数(J￠)的变化趋势一致,表现为春夏季高,秋冬季低,湾外高,湾内低。聚类分析结果表明,陵水湾浮游动物可分为湾内和湾外两个群落,主要受地形阻隔所致。盐度与浮游动物丰度和生物量均呈显著负相关关系,是浮游动物季节变化的主要影响因子之一。根据陵水湾浮游动物年均生物量估算出浮游动物提供的渔产潜力为2.24×10~4 kg。陵水湾浮游动物丰度呈现剧烈的季节变化,有必要对其进行长期的跟踪监测。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力

根据2016―2017年在胶州湾开展的大型底栖动物调查获得的资料,分析报道了胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力及其与环境的关系。结果表明,本次调查中胶州湾大型底栖动物年平均栖息密度为119.17 ind/m~2,年平均生物量为20.57 [g(去灰干重, AFDW)/m~2],年平均次级生产力和P/B值分别为9.64 [g(AFDW)/(m~2·a)]和0.47/a;空间分布上,次级生产力在湾内北部的养殖区和湾口处较高,形成两处次级生产力高值区,向四周逐渐减小;在季节上,次级生产力为春季冬季夏季秋季;环境因子与次级生产力的相关程度均不显著(P0.05),在湾内养殖区的次级生产力与底质类型相关性较大,而湾外是溶解氧的含量影响较大;胶州湾海域次级生产力高于我国北方大部分海域,但P/B值较低,表明群落组成中个体较小、生命周期较短和新陈代谢快的物种所占比例少于其他海域。     

海州湾3种䲗属鱼类生长参数的年际变动

䲗属（）鱼类是海州湾地区常见的小型底栖饵料鱼类,但一直以来被渔业研究者忽视。本研究通过2011-2019年共18个航次的海州湾底拖网调查数据,分析了3种常见的䲗属鱼类——瓦氏䲗（C.richardsoni）的年际数量变化,并基于Bootstrap重抽样法,使用电子体长频率分析法（electronic length frequency analysis,ELEFAN）计算其冯·贝塔朗菲生长方程（von Bertalanffy growth function,VBGF）参数。结果表明,2011-2019年3种䲗属鱼类在海州湾地区表现出了极限体长由21.60 cm下降至13.96 cm,生长参数由19.72 cm下降至19.35 cm,生长参数由18.74 cm下降至14.91 cm,生长参数由0.45下降至0.43。3种䲗属鱼类总体上呈现数量下降与小型化趋势。本研究旨为䲗属鱼类生长特征研究提供参考资料,并为渔业资源评估提供基本参数依据。     

Interannual variation in quantitative relationships among egg production and densities of larvae and juveniles of the Japanese mantis shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oratosquilla oratoria</Emphasis> in Tokyo Bay,Japan

To explore which lifestages affect the stock size of young-of-the-year mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in Tokyo Bay, Japan, we investigated interannual variations in the quantitative relationships among egg production, larval density, and juvenile density. We collected adult females, larvae, and juveniles during monthly field surveys from 2004 to 2007. The interannual trend for the juvenile density index differed from those for egg production and larval density; although indices of both egg production and larval density were high in 2004 and 2007, the juvenile density index was high only in 2007, suggesting high mortality during the pelagic larval stage or the early phase of the postsettlement juvenile stage in 2004. We found that larval settlement started at the end of August and peaked in October, although larvae from the early spawning season (May–June) should have settled in August or earlier. Juveniles were found throughout the bay except in areas where bottom hypoxia occurred, suggesting that hypoxia restricts the spatial distribution of juveniles. Our results suggest that mortality during the early life history fluctuates among years, probably because of changes in environmental conditions in the bay, resulting in interannual variation in the stock size of young-of-the-year juvenile O. oratoria.     

莱州湾芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区鮻资源分布特征及其与环境因子的相关性分析

为研究环境因子对人工鱼礁区鰉分布的影响,实验以莱州湾芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区鰉为对象,根据2014—2017年春季和秋季礁区三重刺网调查数据,主要应用GAM模型研究了水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧、饵料生物和人工鱼礁等环境参数以及年份、月份对鰉单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)和各站位平均体长的影响。结果显示,春季礁区和非礁区CPUE差异不显著,秋季礁区CPUE高于非礁区,是非礁区的3.53倍。礁区和非礁区体长差异不显著。三因素方差分析表明,鰉CPUE受到年份、月份、人工鱼礁、年份和月份的交互作用影响,平均体长则主要受到年份的影响。Delta GAM模型表明,人工鱼礁和水温对CPUE影响显著,鰉在人工鱼礁区出现的概率大于非礁区,随着水温的升高,鰉出现的概率降低;CPUE呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并在8°C达到最高值;饵料浮游植物丰度和浮游动物丰度是影响鰉平均体长的关键因子,当硅藻丰度小于3×10~5个/m~3时,鰉平均体长随硅藻丰度上升而下降,随后趋于稳定;鰉平均体长随浮游动物丰度增加而呈现降低趋势。研究表明,鰉主要分布在秋季水温较低时的人工鱼礁区,体长较大的鰉主要出现在硅藻丰度和浮游动物丰度较低的区域。     

条斑紫菜对胶州湾湿地浅海富营养化状况的生物修复效果

对胶州湾湿地海域条斑紫菜Porphyra yezoensis Ueda养殖区水环境进行了现场调查和研究,对紫菜生长吸收N、P营养盐的效果进行了实验研究,在此基础上综合分析了紫菜对富营养化海水的生物修复效果。研究结果表明,条斑紫菜养殖对胶州湾湿地海水中过剩的营养盐有明显的控制作用,养殖区氮、磷营养盐和有机碳含量以及水质营养指数均低于周边对照区。实验条件下,紫菜生长吸收N、P营养盐和降低海水富营养化程度的效果显著。各实验周期水体中的无机氮含量下降幅度为17.15%～21.26%,活性磷酸盐含量下降幅度为55.73%～61.12%,表明紫菜叶状体生长对磷的吸收量明显高于对氮的吸收量。另外,各换水周期实验海水的营养指数值由2.211～2.592降至0.749～0.873,降低幅度为63.32%～69.39%,海水富营养化等级由"中度富营养"降至"贫营养"。根据胶州湾湿地海域的环境条件,通过大规模栽培大型海藻,可大量去除海水中的N、P、C等生源要素,有效降低海水富营养化水平。     

粤港澳大湾区种植业农产品质量安全标准分析与衔接建议

粤港澳大湾区是由香港、澳门特别行政区和广东省广州、深圳、珠海、佛山、中山、东莞、惠州、江门、肇庆组成的城市群,是国家建设世界级城市群和参与全球竞争的重要空间载体。根据《粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要》等相关文件精神,为从标准源头控制农产品消费安全问题,对大湾区种植业农产品质量安全标准进行梳理及总结,通过对现行标准概况介绍、农产品种类分析、质量安全标准比对评价等,从制度体系、标准体系、市场定位三方面提出大湾区农产品质量安全标准衔接存在的主要问题,并在开展粤港澳大湾区农产品质量安全标准专题调研、探索建立粤港澳大湾区农产品质量安全标准、健全粤港澳农产品质量安全标准交流合作机制等方面,对如何实现大湾区农产品质量安全标准科学衔接提出建议,从而进一步促进发挥粤港澳综合优势,完善农产品质量安全标准。     

Growth,mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) in Jiaozhou Bay

Samples of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum Adams & Reeve 1850) were collected from May 2004 to April 2005 monthly, and plankton net trawling of planktonic larvae and bottom sediment sampling surveys were further conducted from May to October 2006 in Jiaozhou Bay. Based on the data collected, growth, mortality and reproduction of the transplanted Manila clam and the environmental effects were examined. The results showed that the enhanced clams grew well and showed a growth trend similar to the local wild ones. The main growth periods lasted from April to September, with the water temperature being the main factor affecting the growth, which was the same as that of the wild clams. There were also two reproduction cycles for the farmed Manila clams each year in Jiaozhou Bay and the main breeding period was from May to June. The phenomenon of delayed metamorphosis was quite common through larval development. The farmed clams could spawn when they reached sexual maturity, but they could not perform effective recruitment as many planktonic larvae died during metamorphosis and settlement. A preliminary study indicated that sediment perturbation and marine environment pollution were the main factors causing the death of larvae in the development process.     

Stock enhancement programme for black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Bleeker), in Hiroshima Bay, Japan: a review

This paper reviews the stock enhancement programme for black sea bream ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii ) in Hiroshima Bay. This bay is one of the biggest production areas for black sea bream in Japan, accounting for about 10% of the total catch of the species in this country in 2004. After intensive fishing pressure caused a drastic decline in the catch of the species in this bay in the 1970s, a stock enhancement programme was conducted in its northern part since 1982 to restore the depleted population. The number of black sea bream juveniles released in 1996 surpassed 9 million, representing the third main species stocked in Japan. Almost 1.4 million of these juveniles were released into Hiroshima Bay. The fast acclimatization of hatchery-reared juveniles released into the bay may have contributed to the recovery of landings in the late 1980s and 1990s. However, this recovery was accompanied by a reduction in the market price of black sea bream. Further studies to assess the effectiveness of the stock enhancement programme as well as the carrying capacity of Hiroshima Bay to maintain the stock of black sea bream at a stable, healthy level are desirable. The necessity of evaluating the secondary effects derived from using a reduced number of breeders as well as finding new markets are suggested.     

Accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin by the swimming crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Charybdis japonica</Emphasis> in Kure Bay,Hiroshima Prefecture

The accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin in the crab Charybdis japonica was investigated in Kure Bay, when a bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis, in the same water, showed toxicity caused by PSP toxin. In 2005, 17 specimens of the crab had PSP toxin over 4 MU/g in the hepatopancreas, and the highest toxicity was at 37.4 MU/g. Since the regulation limit of PSP for crab hepatopancreas was set in 2004, this is the first observation of regulatory level of PSP toxin in C. japonica. Unlike in the hepatopancreas of the crab, the hazardous level of the toxin was not detected in the muscle of the cephalothorax and the appendage. The toxin accumulation in the crab was also investigated by feeding toxic mussels to the crab. The crab retained the toxin mainly in the hepatopancreas, and the ratio of retention in the crab was from 12.9 to 24.6%. The toxin profiles, shown in the feeding experiments, suggest that the transformation of PSP toxin occurs in the crab because dcGTX2 and dcGTX3 was detected in all crab specimens despite the lack of these analogs in the mussels used as feed.