基于意愿价值评估法的三门湾资源环境非使用价值研究

通过问卷调查和意愿价值评估法,对三门湾资源环境的非使用价值进行研究。调查问卷分三门湾环境现状、三门湾环境保护和调访者基本情况3大部分,随机选取沿岸居民、企业员工、政府官员、学校教师等,发放调查问卷300份,有效回收294份。结果显示,三门湾资源环境个人平均支付意愿(WTP)为89.25元/(人.年)。以2006年当地人口统计数为总体进行估算,三门湾资源环境非使用价值为4 632.36万元/年,其中存在价值为2 501.47万元/年,遗产价值为1 389.7万元/年,选择价值为741.19万元/年。支付意愿影响因素分析表明,支付意愿与居民受教育程度、收入呈正相关;与年龄呈负相关(P<0.05)。意愿支付率与意愿支付额的影响因素不同,意愿支付率与当地经济收入组成有关,研究中象山县为最高,意愿支付额则更与当地经济发展水平密切相关,宁海县在本研究中为最高。     

泉州湾河口湿地资源可持续发展面临的挑战及对策探讨

泉州湾河口湿地面临着巨大的资源和环境问题的挑战。本文分析泉州湾河口湿地生物多样性特点,并针对其所面临的挑战,提出湿地资源可持续利用对策。     

杭州湾滨海湿地现状与保护对策

杭州湾湿地是我国重要的河口型滨海湿地、对环杭州湾地区的资源、环境、经济的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。本文初步研究了杭州湾湿地的现状、类型及主要生态问题,针对杭州湾湿地自然资源、生态环境特征和区域发展需求,提出杭州湾河口海岸湿地恢复和保护对策以及资源合理利用的技术和政策建议,以切实保护杭州湾多样化的湿地类型,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

Manganese dynamics in a mangrove mud flat tidal creek in SE Brazil

This study investigated the behavior of soluble and particulate manganese, during tidal cycles in a mangrove tidal creek and adjacent mud flats in SE Brazil. We identify the major processes affecting manganese transport to mangroves. The results showed that manganese variability occurs both seasonally, and over the tidal cycle, in response to changing redox potentials. Tidal water flooding mud flats are enriched in manganese, originating from upward migration of reduced species and further adsorption onto suspended particles under oxic conditions. During the tidal cycle, particulate manganese concentrations are higher during flood periods, whilst dissolved concentrations are higher during ebb periods. Although quantitatively different, this pattern occurs both in winter and summer. The dynamics of manganese characterized in this study suggest that this metal may play a significant role as a conveyor of trace metals to mangrove ecosystems, as suggested by earlier studies.     

Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida,U.S.A.

Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion from artificial soilmarker horizons and soil elevation change from sedimentation-erosion table(SET) plots were used to evaluate the processes related to soil building infringe, basin, and overwash mangrove forests located in a low-energy lagoonwhich receives minor inputs of terrigenous sediments. Vertical accretionmeasures reflect the contribution of surficial sedimentation (sedimentdeposition and surface root growth). Measures of elevation change reflectnot only the contributions of vertical accretion but also those ofsubsurface processes such as compaction, decomposition and shrink-swell. Thetwo measures were used to calculate amounts of shallow subsidence (accretionminus elevation change) in each mangrove forest. The three forest typesrepresent different accretionary environments. The basin forest was locatedbehind a natural berm. Hydroperiod here was controlled primarily by rainfallrather than tidal exchange, although the basin flooded during extreme tidalevents. Soil accretion here occurred primarily by autochthonous organicmatter inputs, and elevation was controlled by accretion and shrink-swell ofthe substrate apparently related to cycles of flooding-drying and/or rootgrowth-decomposition. This hydrologically-restricted forest did notexperience an accretion or elevation deficit relative to sea-level rise. Thetidally dominated fringe and overwash island forests accreted throughmineral sediment inputs bound in place by plant roots. Filamentous turfalgae played an important role in stabilizing loose muds in the fringeforest where erosion was prevalent. Elevation in these high-energyenvironments was controlled not only by accretion but also by erosion and/orshallow subsidence. The rate of shallow subsidence was consistently3–4 mm y^–1 in the fringe and overwash island forests butwas negligible in the basin forest. Hence, the vertical development ofmangrove soils was influenced by both surface and subsurface processes andthe processes controlling soil elevation differed among forest types.The mangrove ecosystem at Rookery Bay has remained stable as sea levelhas risen during the past 70 years. Yet, lead-210 accretion data suggest asubstantial accretion deficit has occurred in the past century (accretionwas 10–20 cm < sea-level rise from 1930 to 1990) in the fringe andisland forests at Rookery Bay. In contrast, our measures of elevation changemostly equalled the estimates of sea-level rise and our short term estimatesof vertial accretion exceeded the estimates by the amount of shallowsubsidence. These data suggest that (1) vertical accretion in this system isdriven by local sea-level rise and shallow subsidence, and (2) the mangroveforests are mostly keeping pace with sea-level rise. Thus, the vulnerabilityof this mangrove ecosystem to sea-level rise is best described in terms ofan elevation deficit (elevation change minus sea-level rise) based on annualmeasures rather than an accretion deficit (accretion minus sea-level rise)based on decadal measures.     

基于地统计学的莱州湾南岸土壤盐分离子的空间变异性研究

土壤中可溶性盐的分析是研究盐渍土盐分动态监测与盐渍化防治的重要基础工作。以莱州湾南岸地区作为研究对象,利用地统计学的方法研究了该区土壤盐分离子的空间变异特征,并运用Kriging插值绘制了盐分离子的空间分布图。结果表明,除Cl-属强变异强度外,其他离子均具有中等变异强度;受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用,各盐分离子均具有中等强度的空间相关性,自相关距差异不大;东西方向上各盐分离子都呈明显的2阶趋势效应,南—北方向上,除SO42-呈1阶趋势效应外,其他盐分离子都呈现明显的2阶趋势效应;Kriging插值图表明大部分盐分离子的空间结构性都较好,东部的离子含量明显低于其他方向。该研究结果为莱州湾地区盐渍化土壤的防治、改良和利用提供了理论基础。     

浙江省杭州湾地区城市规划对耕地保护的潜在影响

以浙江省沿杭州湾经济快速发展地区为例,结合土地利用现状、城市规划和农用地分等数据,利用GIS空间分析方法,探讨了该地区未来城市建设用地扩展及其对耕地数量和质量的潜在威胁。结果表明：研究区是浙江省耕地资源分布相对集中且质量较高的地区,规划期间建设用地扩展迅速,新增用地面积达9.4×104 hm2;按照现有规划,研究区将减少耕地面积7.1×104 hm2,耕地是规划新增建设用地的主要来源,约占75%;优质耕地的减少量大,减少速度快,一至五等耕地的减少量占67.5%,一、二等耕地到2020年将分别减少37.16%和35.52%。建议应用农用地分等成果对规划占用的耕地进行质量评价,调整规划方案,减少建设对耕地数量质量的影响,保障粮食生产能力。     

The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity,crypsis and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams

Whiteley AR, Bergstrom CA, Linderoth T, Tallmon DA. The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity, crypsis, and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 80–91. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) have colonised recently deglaciated streams of Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, USA, within the last 200 years. Highly cryptic colouration across a marked gradient of stream substrate colours within Glacier Bay could result from physiological (rapid) or morphological (slower) colour change. Laboratory experiments revealed that physiological colour plasticity occurred on the order of minutes, with significant variation in the degree of colour change among individuals and between populations. In contrast, morphological colour plasticity occurred on the order of weeks to months. Experimentally manipulated spectral conditions influenced the magnitude and variance of subsequent physiological colour plasticity. In‐stream predation trials revealed significantly more predation attempts on higher background contrast sculpin models, providing evidence that background colour matching has strong fitness consequences. Colour plasticity with apparent fitness consequences occurs at multiple interacting time scales in coastrange sculpin and may play an important role in the colonisation of recently deglaciated streams.     

大连湾、辽东湾养殖水域有机氯农药污染状况

采用毛细管GC ECD法测定大连湾、辽东湾表层沉积物及表层、微表层海水中 16种有机氯农药 (OCP16 )的含量。结果表明 ,辽东湾海区表层海水OCPs平均质量浓度为 4 1.94ng/L ,显著高于大连湾海区 4 .5 2ng/L的平均值 ,但 2个湾OCPs质量浓度均未超出渔业水质标准。辽东湾表层沉积物OCPs平均质量分数为 10 .15ng/g ,也明显高于大连湾表层沉积物 6.17ng/ g的平均水平。表明辽东湾有机氯农药污染程度较大连湾重。大连湾各站位微表层海水OCPs含量显著高于表层水 ,显示微表层海水对OCPs有较强的富集作用 ,平均富集系数为 5 .1～ 15 .4。