Erwinia pyrifoliae, an Erwinia species different from Erwinia amylovora, causes a necrotic disease of Asian pear trees

Bacteria from necrotic branches of Asian pear trees ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) in Korea were consistently isolated as white colonies on nutrient agar and formed mucoid, slightly yellow colonies on a minimal medium with copper sulphate. Isolates with this colony morphology were studied in a series of microbiological, molecular and pathological tests. Most isolates allowed the verification of Koch's postulate on P. pyrifolia seedlings and on slices from immature pear ( Pyrus communis ) fruits and were also positive in hypersensitivity tests on tobacco leaves. They showed characteristics common to species in the genus Erwinia , but were different from Erwinia amylovora , the agent of fire blight. A relationship between the novel pathogen and E. amylovora was found in microbiological and serological tests. Both organisms had similar but not identical protein patterns in 2-D gel electrophoresis, and in growth morphology the new pathogen produced colonies on MM2 Cu medium that were mucoid and slightly yellow, compared with the clearly yellow colonies of E. amylovora . No similarity was found in the plasmid profiles, and consequently no PCR signal was obtained with primers from the E. amylovora plasmid pEA29. REP-PCR also produced bands differing for the two organisms.     

‘小香水’梨果实后熟过程中挥发性组分分析

 采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用技术分析了秋子梨‘小香水’（Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.‘Xiaoxiangshui’）果实后熟过程中果实挥发性组分的变化。结果表明,‘小香水’梨果实在20 ℃后熟过程中挥发性组分的种类及含量均表现为增多的趋势。共检测到酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类及萜类5大类共计38种挥发性物质,其中15种为整个后熟过程中的共有组分。5大类挥发性组分中酯类物质的种类最多,其含量在后熟过程中增幅最大,后熟9 d时达到最高。‘小香水’梨在后熟过程中共检测出包括醛类和酯类在内的10种特征香气组分,其中2–甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯及丁酸乙酯在9 d时香气值分别为668.09、279.58、190.60。20 ℃后熟6 ~ 9 d为食用最佳时期。     

梨不同砧穗组合光合特性

 用CIRAS-1 便携式光合作用测定系统研究了豆梨(Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge) 、杜梨(P.calleryana Dcen.) 幼树以及豆梨、杜梨与砂梨(P. pyrifolia Nakai) 品种丰水、新高4 种砧穗组合幼树叶片的光合作用。结果表明, 砧木显著影响栽培品种的光合作用, 杜梨比豆梨以及以杜梨为砧木的丰水、新高幼树比以豆梨为砧木的两品种幼树叶片净光合速率(Pn) 、表观量子产量(Φi) 、羧化效率(CE) 、水分利用效率(WUE) 高。新高的Pn、Φi 、CE 和WUE 值较丰水高, 且在两种砧木上均表现出同样的结果。     

Identification of S-alleles in pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Rocha’ and other European cultivars

In this work we report the cloning and identification of S-RNase alleles responsible for gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) of ‘Rocha’ pear and of 13 other European pear cultivars that might be used as its pollinators. Partial sequences of S-RNase alleles were amplified by PCR with specific primers hybridising in conserved regions of previously identified S-RNase alleles of Pyrus communis, cloned and sequenced and the S-genotype of eight pear cultivars was fully determined. Three cultivars (‘General Léclerc’ (SqSl), ‘Tosca’ (SbSl) and ‘Alexandrine Douillard’ (SbSk)) shared no S-alleles with ‘Rocha’ (SaSe) and shall be totally compatible with this cultivar. None of the cultivars analysed showed an identical amplification pattern to the one observed in ‘Rocha’, so the other cultivars shall be at least semi-compatible. One new allele was identified in P. communis cv. ‘Beurré d’Avril’ (designated as St). The determination of both S-RNase alleles of cvs ‘Rocha’, ‘Beurré Precoce Morettini’ (SeSk) and ‘Tosca’ and the identification of one S-RNase allele in cvs ‘Carapinheira’ (Sb), ‘Amêndoa’ (Se), ‘Pérola’ (Sk) and ‘Beurré d’Avril’ (St) are important contributions for the effort recently developed worldwide to establish groups of sexual compatibility among European pears.     

杜梨叶绿体基因组分析

利用高通量测序平台对杜梨(Pyrus betulaefolia)进行测序,并对其叶绿体全基因组序列的结构特征进行分析。结果表明,杜梨叶绿体基因组与大多数高等植物一样,具有典型的环状双链四分体结构。其叶绿体基因组大小为160 058 bp,共检测到61个SSR位点(58个单核苷酸重复和3个二核苷酸重复)和56个RNA编辑位点,这些RNA编辑位点均引起了氨基酸的变化。与砂梨(Pyruspyrifolia)、川梨(Pyrus pashia)和桃叶梨(Pyrus spinosa)的叶绿体基因组比较,其基因种类和数量都比较保守,表明了梨属植物进化的缓慢性。在4个梨属植物中共检测到351个SNP和217个InDel。     

山楂海棠的离体培养与快速繁殖

山楂海棠[Malus komarovii (Sarg.) Rehd.]仅零星分布于长白山,现处于涉危状态.山楂海棠极耐严寒,植株低矮,是培育苹果属矮化品种和研究抗寒性的宝贵材料.用播种、扦插及压条法都能繁殖,但生长和繁殖速度极慢.     

盐胁迫对四种碧桃植物抗性指标的影响

采用对比试验法,研究了盐胁迫对菊花桃等4种碧桃植物净光合速率变化数值、供试材料体内的游离脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量与供试材料伤害值(电导率变化)等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:菊花桃、紫叶桃、合欢双色和垂枝桃4个碧桃品种的耐盐能力均较强,其中合欢双色和垂枝桃2个品种抗性更佳。     

DNA标记技术在梨属植物研究中的应用

综述了几种常见的DNA标记如RFLP、RAPD、SSR、AFLP和SCAR在梨属植物研究中的应用以及所取得的进展。DNA标记技术主要在梨属植物的品种鉴别、亲子关系鉴定、分类和系统关系研究、遗传图谱构建与标记辅助育种等研究领域中得到了广泛的应用。还对各种标记的特点和在梨属植物研究中的应用范围做了总结,期望为今后研究中合理选择适宜的标记技术提供参考。     

秋季不同时期秋子梨品种及野生类型叶绿素荧光特性研究

以苹香梨、南果梨、寒红梨和寒酥梨4个品种及1个野生类型山梨为试材,依据秋季不同时期温度变化,对叶片叶绿素荧光参数指标进行测定.结果表明:秋季不同时期温度变化对不同梨品种光合系统造成的伤害差异较大;初始荧光参数(Fo)品种因素上差异不显著(P＞0.05),时间因素上差异极显著(P＜0.01),可变荧光参数(Fv)、最大荧光转化效率(Fv/Fm)和最大光能转化潜力(Fv/Fo)品种因素和时间因素上均表现差异极显著(P＜0.01);山梨初始荧光系数Fo呈现连续下降趋势,其它4个品种变化不明显;Fv、Fv/Fm和Fv/ Fo总体表现呈下降趋势,苹香梨、寒红梨、寒酥梨和山梨表现连续下降,南果梨中期升高,而后下降;山梨Fo、Fv、Fv/Fm 和Fv/ Fo各项指标变化降低幅度最大.     

脱落酸与种皮对杜梨种子休眠与萌发的影响

以当年新采收杜梨种子和自然贮藏1 a种子为试验材料,研究了种皮和不同浓度的脱落酸(ABA)对诱导杜梨种子休眠与萌发的影响.结果表明:杜梨种皮和脱落酸均能够抑制杜梨种子的萌发,种皮的抑制萌发效应显著大于ABA的作用,杜梨种子去除种皮后,休眠性可被部分解除.脱落酸对杜梨种子抑制萌发的效应在去皮和不去皮种子中表现明显差异,5 mg/L ABA浓度对未去皮种子产生明显抑制效应,20 mg/L ABA浓度对去皮种子产生明显抑制效应,说明未去皮种子对ABA的敏感性大于去皮种子.种皮与ABA的双重抑制效应,使种子对ABA浓度水平差异的敏感性增强.不同激素组合试验说明了GA3、6-BA和ABA在杜梨种子休眠与萌发中的作用.