Erosion assessment and administration in subtropical China: A case study from Fujian Province

Soil erosion continues to represent a major environmental issue in China. This paper considers some of the practical difficulties of assessing the severity of soil erosion in subtropical southern China, with particular reference to a case study in Fujian Province. The administration of soil and water conservation and procedures for erosion evaluation in an area of southern China are outlined. Although the hierarchy of bodies involved in soil conversation is impressive compared to other countries in subtropical environments, little is known about the dynamics of erosion, its impact on productivity or its contribution to sediment yields.     

云南金沙江流域自然资源合理利用及综合开发与经营模式探讨

云南金沙江干热河谷区因高温干旱、水资源匮乏、水土流失严重、生态环境退化、社会经济条件差及不合理开发等因素，抑制了区内光热资源潜力的发挥及自然资源的综合开发与经营。根据流域的环境特点、自然资源特征及利用现状，因地制宜地提出流域自然资源综合开发与经营模式。     

甘肃长江流域木本植物资源及开发利用途径研究

该文介绍了甘肃长江流域１１个利用类型的木本植物１０７科３１９属１３６４种，阐述了分布特点及其开发利用途径，提出了合理适度的开发意见。     

Changes in the riparian zone of the lower Eygues River,France, since 1830

The riparian forests along braided rivers are dynamic, frequently rejuvenated by floods and channel changes, and thus dominated by pioneer to middle stages of succession; they are sites of high biodiversity in some regions. The Lower Eygues River (drainage area 1150 km² in southeastern France) is such a braided river system with large alluvial forests dominated by Salix alba, Populus alba, and P. nigra. It was identified as a site of ecological interest by the EU under the Natura 2000 program. Such forests elsewhere in Europe have been identified as reference ecosystems. We documented the historical evolution of this alluvial forest from detailed (1:2500 scale) early 19th C parcel maps, early 20th C topographic maps, aerial photography from 1947 to 1996, and field surveys of topography and riparian vegetation in 1997–1998. Our results show that in 1830, the channel was wide, aggraded, and agricultural pressure extended literally to the channel edge. With decline in the rural population and reduced agricultural and grazing pressure in the catchment, erosion rates declined. Reduced sediment supply led to channel narrowing and incision. This channel narrowing, coupled with reduced agricultural pressure along the banks, has allowed riparian forest to colonize former active channel areas, especially within late 19th-century 20th century flood dykes. In recent decades, aggregate mining, and clearing for recreation and agriculture have fragmented the forest. Thus, the alluvial forest of the Lower Eygues is largely an artifact of changing human land-use over the past century, a context that should frame efforts for preservation and restoration.     

黄河三角洲自然保护区鹤类南迁迁徙规律初步研究

黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区是鹤类重要的迁徙中转站,在鹤类保护中具有重要意义。在中国9种鹤类资源中,保护区有7种。2006年鹤类南迁期,作者于10月初至12月初,采用定点观察法,对保护区内的鹤类进行观察,并对鹤类南迁的迁徙规律进行分析。     

元谋干热河谷相思树种的嫁接试验

对云南省元谋干热河谷引进的相思树种进行嫁接试验。结果表明：嫁接季节应选在雨季,方法以腹接最好,为了保证杂种相思较高的嫁接成活率,最好选择大叶相思的砧木。     

Integrated Soybean Pest Management in Micro River Basins in Brazil

A Soybean IPM system was deployed in large, continuous river basin areas. The system was designed to improve the productivity of the rural environment by restoring balance among pests and their natural enemies. The system was developed with the active participation of various governmental, industrial and academic institutions, and it was based on the main approaches utilized by the EMBRAPA soybean IPM program referred here as IPM-Soybean.The work of IPM-Soybean in microbasins is being implemented in five counties in Paraná state (Campo Mourão, Mamborê, Missal, Cambé and Toledo) in an area of approximately 18,020ha of soybean involving 343 producers at various stages of implementation. The results obtained in the Rio do Campo basin in Campo Mourão, after four years of IPM-Soybean, showed drastic changes in pest control practices. Mean number of insecticide applications per cropping year in the river basin fell from 2.8 (1993/94 season) to 1.23 four seasons later. Biological control of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis, by Baculovirus anticarsia increased 57%, from 205ha treated with this biological product in the 1993/94 season to 2730ha in 1998. A mean of about 300,000 Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) adults were released per year to control soybean stink bugs. As a consequence of the parasitoid release and the use of more selective insecticides, the number of insecticide applications to control stink bugs was significantly reduced. After two soybean seasons with IPM-Soybean in the river basin, mean applications for stink bugs decreased from 0.81 before the program started to 0.09 in 1996. The mean number of applications in the region and the state respectively were 9.20 and 11.44 times greater. In 1997 and 1998, the results again showed very low population densities of stink bugs in the river basin area, with a consequent reduction in insecticide applications for the control of these pests. Furthermore there was a substantial improvement in the range of products used in this area for soybean pest control. Broad spectrum products, used in 97.5% of the applications before start of IPM-Soybean (1993/94), were replaced with more selective products, especially biologicals and growth regulators. The latter had rarely been used by the river basin producers before the study (0.6% of the applications), but they accounted for 35.8% of the applications after four seasons with IPM-Soybean. IPM-Soybean developed in river basins has resulted in a more stable control system that, in turn, provides greater long-term equilibrium between the pests and the natural enemies populations in these soybean producing areas.     

Comparing micrometeorology of rain forests in Biosphere-2 and Amazon basin

Micrometeorological variables measured in the BIOSPHERE-2 Center (B2C) enclosed rain forest biome for 1 year were compared with similar measurements made in the Amazon rain forest. In the B2C rain forest, the overlying glass and supporting structure significantly reduces (by approximately a factor of two) the incoming solar radiation. Monthly mean values of above-canopy and within-canopy air temperature, vapor pressure, and vapor pressure deficit are reasonably similar to those of the Amazon rain forest, but there are marked differences in the above-canopy values of these variables in the Arizona summer. Monthly mean diurnal trends also show significant differences. Measurements of vertical air temperature gradient clearly showed two very distinct environments in the 27.4 m high rain forest dome during daylight hours. There is a comparatively cool and fairly well-mixed environment (which is reasonably similar to that found in a natural rain forest) below about 10 m and a hot, thermally stable environment above about 15 m. The nature of the atmospheric turbulence within the B2C rain forest also is significantly different from that normally found in natural rain forests. There is little turbulent mixing above the forest canopy in this enclosed environment. These findings are important for guiding the operation and use of this experimental rain forest facility in future research and for understanding how the rain forest biome functions in an enclosed environment.     

中国绿洲地域系统研究

本文论述了中国干旱区山地的自然特征及其在向荒漠平原盆地提供细粒土状物质 ,输送地表水及浅层地下水 ,建构荒漠背景下的特殊生境 ,从而导致局地绿洲化等方面的重要作用 ,并对绿洲系统、盆地地域系统、山地—盆地地域系统进行初步探讨。认为正是绿洲系统对荒漠盆地平原地域系统和山地—盆地地域系统的从属性 ,决定了绿洲面积的有限性和保护山地—盆地地域系统的必要性。     

金沙江干热江谷退化坡地雨养酸角林种植密度试验初报

在金沙江干热河谷退化坡地利用雨养条件栽植酸角的 5种密度试验表明 ,种植密度大 ,水保效益和产量较高 ,但果实品质差 ,经济效益较低 ;种植密度小 ,水保效益和产量较低 ,果实品质较好。综合各种因素 ,在中度退化坡地种植酸角以 6m× 6m栽种密度最佳。