盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅营养器官的离子微区分布

 【目的】探讨植物耐盐性和盐胁迫下植物不同营养器官离子微区分布特性之间的关系。【方法】采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪联用,对250 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫20 d的盐草(盐生植物)和高羊茅(甜土植物)的营养器官进行了点扫描和离子分布测定。【结果】盐胁迫下,盐草和高羊茅根组织中Na+和Cl-的相对重量都很高,但是高羊茅中柱层中的Na+和Cl-相对重量都高于盐草;和高羊茅相反,在盐草茎中,大量的Na+分布在韧皮部中,而Cl-则主要存在于木质部中;而高羊茅叶组织中Na+相对重量是盐草叶组织中2倍。【结论】盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅根尖表皮、皮层和中柱细胞Na+和Cl-较高,而K＋含量较低,这说明盐草可通过根组织对离子的选择性吸收降低进入植物体的有害离子量,并通过离子在茎中的再次分配降低有害离子进入叶组织,从而避免对叶组织的较大离子毒害。     

Study of kernel structure of high-amylose and wild-type rice by X-ray microtomography and SEM

Rice kernels of a transgenic high-amylose rice line and its wild type were examined by a high-resolution X-ray microtomography (XMT) and an environmental scanning electron microscope. Two-dimensional (2-D) cross-sectional images and 3-D objects from XMT were reconstructed and analyzed to elucidate their structural features. The lack of two isoforms of starch branching enzyme, termed SBEI and SBEIIb in high-amylose rice (HAR), resulted in a distinctly different grain inner density than wild-type rice (WTR). HAR had smaller, elongated starch granules with air spaces inside the kernels resulting in an opaque grain, whereas WTR had a tight endosperm with little air space and polygonal starch granules. XMT allowed a full 3-D characterization of the rice kernel structure and revealed that air space distribution was not uniform in the HAR kernel.     

Losses of essential mineral nutrients by polishing of rice differ among genotypes due to contrasting grain hardness and mineral distribution

The effect of different polishing techniques on loss of mineral elements from rice grains was quantified using a panel of indica and tropical japonica genotypes, previously classified as differing in ease of polishing. Gradients in mineral elements across the bran-endosperm interface were quantified using micro-scaled precision abrasive polishing in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Frictional polishing, similar to that of commercial mills, i.e. 8–10% loss of grain weight, reduced the concentration of Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn by 60–80% in all genotypes. Following gentler polishing (3–5% weight loss), genotypes classified as difficult to polish showed smaller decreases in Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn compared to genotypes classified as easy to polish. The concentration of other elements, e.g. Zn, S, Ca, Cu, Mo and Cd, showed comparable reductions (<30%) irrespective of polishing technique or ease of polishing. The different patterns of polishing losses of minerals reflected their distribution within the grain. Five-fold differences in the reduction of Zn concentration during polishing were observed for different genotypes which started with similar Zn concentrations in the unpolished grain, thus showing clear potential for selecting genotypes with reduced polishing losses of Zn.     

Impacts of off-road traffic on soil physical properties of forest clear-cuts: X-ray and laboratory analysis

Due to the great year-round demand for forest products, off-road forestry traffic occurs even when the ground is susceptible to soil compaction and rutting. We investigated the impacts of repeated passes with a laden forwarder (34?Mg) on the soil physical properties of two clear-cuts on stony till soils in northern Sweden. Core samples (n?=?71) were collected from the top 5?cm of mineral soil in and beside wheel tracks, after six passes with the forwarder. Soil physical properties were quantified using classical soil physical analyses and X-ray tomography. The hydraulic conductivity was 70% lower in the wheel tracks than in the soil beside. The X-ray image analysis indicated that this was due to the smaller total volume and lower connectivity of structural pores (φ?>?60?µm). Total porosity was 24% and 12% lower in the tracks at the two sites respectively, and mean bulk density was 1.39?g?cm^?3 in the tracks, compared to 1.13?g?cm^?3 beside them. To conclude, traffic changed the soil physical properties in a way that may lead to longer periods of high water content in the wheel tracks, increased risk of surface runoff and insufficient aeration for optimal seedling growth.     

磁性生物质炭对水体中芘的去除效果研究

以柳树枝为原料,于600℃制备原始生物质炭LZ,再通过化学沉淀法制备两种磁性强度不同的生物质炭LZ1.5和LZ2.5。利用静态氮吸附(BET-N2)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对生物质炭的表面结构和化学组成等理化性质进行表征,并研究生物质炭对水体中芘的吸附行为。结果表明:原始生物质炭在24 h吸附即达到表观吸附平衡,磁性生物质炭在72 h吸附达到表观吸附平衡;LZ1.5的吸附效果最佳,其最大吸附容量Qm=2 758.6μg·g-1,其次是LZ2.5和LZ,Qm分别为833.3、322.6μg·g-1;LZ1.5投加量在375 mg·L~(-1)时,芘的去除率达到90%以上。三种生物质炭的吸附行为均符合Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型。磁性生物质炭对芘吸附较多的原因一方面在于其保留了原有的芳香性官能团,另一方面是Fe3O4的存在造成了磁性炭表面微孔化以及表面羟基化。     

X射线衍射分析及其在微纤丝角测定中的应用

X射线衍射分析是目前应用十分广泛的一项技术,是利用X射线在晶体、非晶体中的衍射与散射效应进行物相分析、结构类型分析及不完整性分析的有效方法。介绍了X射线衍射分析的原理与方法,同时时X射线在木材微纤丝角测定中的应用技术进行了阐述。     

大熊猫白内障手术临床研究

目的探讨大熊猫白内障摘除合并人工晶体植入手术技术。结果发现大熊猫白内障的晶体核硬度大,超声乳化吸除有困难;由于人与大熊猫眼球解剖结构有差异,人用人工晶体不适合大熊猫。结论需要对较大量的大熊猫进行无创性眼球检测,了解其眼睛的屈光状态和晶状体的屈光度,才能为研制大熊猫专用的人工晶体提供科学的依据。     

电沉积钇对PAN基炭纤维的催化石墨化

在硝酸钇的乙醇溶液中将钇电沉积于PAN基炭纤维上,采用扫描电子显微镜对炭纤维表面电沉积钇的表面形貌进行了观察.通过钇的电沉积电量来调节钇在PAN基炭纤维表面的担载量,采用X射线衍射分析仪考察了不同钇担载量对不同热处理温度下PAN基炭纤维的催化石墨化效果,通过Scherrer和Bragg方程分别计算了石墨表观微晶尺寸(Lc)和(002)面的层间距(d002).结果表明,钇电沉积层对PAN基炭纤维具有明显的催化石墨化作用,在钇担载量为20%、热处理温度为2 400℃时,层间距d002值最小,为3.362,相应的石墨化度为90%.钇对PAN基炭纤维的催化石墨化机理遵循碳化物分解和碳的熔解析出机理.     

光照与物镜距离对采集玉米籽粒图像影响的研究

设计了具有主光源尧辅助光源,物镜距离可调的玉米籽粒图像采集实验箱,应用数码相机采集实验箱载物台上玉米籽粒的图像。以玉米籽粒形状特征、颜色特征为对象,分析同一物镜距离下辅助光源的放置方式与强度对图像采集的影响,光源确定的情况下物镜距离对图像采集的影响。结果表明：闪光灯留下的光斑影响特征提取,辅助光源平行和垂直放置尧物镜距离在26~31 cm范围内较佳。