Characterization of humus-protease complexes extracted from soil

Pyrophosphate (140 mM, pH 7.1) extracts of two arable soils and one pasture soil were ultrafiltrated separating the extracted material into three fractions: A_I with nominal molecular weight (nmw) > 100 kD, A_II with nmw between 10 kD and 100 kD and R with nmw < 10 kD. Protease activity was determined in the fractions by using three different substrates: N-benzoyl-l-argininamide (BAA), specific for trypsin; N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-l-phenylalanyl l-leucine (ZPL), specific for carboxypeptidases; and casein, essentially a non-specific substrate. The derivative fractions were also analysed for their amino acid N and humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acid contents. The organic matter of extracts and derivative fractions obtained from the pasture soil was analysed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and that of fractions analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC). Activities of the extract were monitored for their thermal stability and those of the extract and derivative fractions for their optimal pH.Due to the mechanical disintegrating action of sodium pyrophosphate over the humic substances during the fractionation process the amount of total organic C and FA in the fractions was ranked as R > A_II > A_I. The lowest amino acid N/organic C was found in the R fraction, whereas A_II fraction was rich in humic acids, carbohydrates and amino acid N and A_I fraction showed the lowest carbohydrate content. At least 70% of the total BAA- and ZPL-hydrolysing activity was associated to particles with nmw higher than 10 kD and at least 30% of these activities were present in particles with nmw higher 100 kD. Casein-hydrolysing activity was quite evenly distributed among the three fractions (A_I, A_II and R). The extracted protease-organic complexes were resistant to thermal denaturation and some of them showed optimal activity at pH values higher than 10 as a result of the polyanionic characteristics of the humic material surrounding enzyme molecules and of the presence of alkaline protease. Comparison of data obtained in Py-GC analyses and in protease activity suggests that BAA-hydrolysing activity was associated to a highly condensed humic matter and ZPL-hydrolysing activity to less resistant humic substances, while at least some of the extracted casein-hydrolysing activity was present as glyco-proteins not associated to humus. BAA-hydrolysing activity was probably inhibited by fresh organic matter of carbohydrate origin whereas lignin derived organic matter probably inhibited ZPL- and casein-hydrolysing activity.     

提高小麦幼胚组织培养效果的初步研究

研究结果表明，幼胚接种前低温(-4℃)处理2d可显著提高分化频率。幼胚组培的最佳培养基是MS培养基。不同材料的幼胚外植体对软X射线有不同的辐射敏感性，较适宜的照射剂量为1kRad。     

3种果实的超微结构X-射线能谱元素分析

应用X-射线能谱微区分析法测定果实的超微结构元素分析.结果显示:核桃、枣、葡萄不同组织中共发现Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca和Fe等9种元素.果实不同组织中各元素分布有差异.但各组织中K元素含量均较高.而核桃子叶组织中S、P元素较丰富.     

植物细胞X射线能谱分析方法的研究

X射线微区分析在我国的植物学研究中应用较少.快速冷冻、冷冻干燥、真空渗透、塑料包埋的薄切片生物制备新技术被证明很适用于对植物细胞中可溶性离子进行X射线微区分析.这对于植物学,诸如矿质营养、生理及抗性等理论问题的研究有着很重要的意义.本文通过实验证明此法除了在冷冻干燥过程中可能会造成某些植物细胞中的液泡结构固缩或破坏以外,与其它生物制备技术相比,大大降低了植物细胞中可溶性离子在制备过程中的流失和移位,从而保证了对植物细胞特别是成熟组织细胞中可溶性离子进行X射线能谱亚细胞定位、定量分析的可靠性.     

Direct Factor Analysis With Discrete X-Ray Diffraction Patterns

In this paper,we put forward a method of direct factor analysis with discrete X-ray diffraction patterns, which was supported by the experimental measurement with the mixture containing 2,3,4,5 phases respectively. The detailed discussion was also given to its principles,errors and criterion.     

食蚊鱼白内障的研究初报

采用定期观察方法,了解食蚊鱼白内障的发生过程以及由此导致的外部形态和行为的变化情况。研究的食蚊鱼群体的白内障有较高的发生率,白内障鱼一般体色晦暗,经常浮于水面缓慢游动;其摄食和生长也受较大影响。食蚊鱼白内障大多是双眼同时发生的,眼球可见不同程度的浑浊。从外观形态区分,食蚊鱼白内障主要有两种类型,一种是绕核性白内障,另一种无法看到晶状体形状,表现为整个眼球的不透明。对病鱼的眼球等进行组织病理观察,发现病理变化部位主要在晶体,所有病例的晶状体纤维都出现病理变化,最普遍的是晶状体皮质区纤维不同程度变性或断裂;晶状体上皮细胞有脱落、增生等。食蚊鱼白内障为鱼类白内障研究提供良好材料。     

盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅营养器官的离子微区分布

 【目的】探讨植物耐盐性和盐胁迫下植物不同营养器官离子微区分布特性之间的关系。【方法】采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪联用,对250 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫20 d的盐草(盐生植物)和高羊茅(甜土植物)的营养器官进行了点扫描和离子分布测定。【结果】盐胁迫下,盐草和高羊茅根组织中Na+和Cl-的相对重量都很高,但是高羊茅中柱层中的Na+和Cl-相对重量都高于盐草;和高羊茅相反,在盐草茎中,大量的Na+分布在韧皮部中,而Cl-则主要存在于木质部中;而高羊茅叶组织中Na+相对重量是盐草叶组织中2倍。【结论】盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅根尖表皮、皮层和中柱细胞Na+和Cl-较高,而K＋含量较低,这说明盐草可通过根组织对离子的选择性吸收降低进入植物体的有害离子量,并通过离子在茎中的再次分配降低有害离子进入叶组织,从而避免对叶组织的较大离子毒害。     

青海不同产区大黄的X-射线衍射图谱研究（摘要）

[目的]为区分不同产地大黄药材的质量及鉴别提供依据。[方法]将供试材料青海玉树掌叶大黄（样品1）、青海海南唐古特大黄（样品2）与青海果洛唐古特大黄（样品3）分别粉碎成粉末,过100目筛,即可供X射线衍射试验用。设定管压30 kV,管流20 mA,2θ扫描范围3°～90°,扫描速度0.06°/s,每种样时间0.5 s,获得3种不同产区大黄的X-射线衍射图谱。试验数据以晶面间距d与特征峰相对强度L/Io表示,记为d/（I/Io）。将试验数据导入中药指纹图谱相似度计算软件,经选峰,设定匹配模板,将谱峰自动匹配,然后设定标准模板,进行谱峰差异性评价和整体相似性评价。[结果]样品1中所含的化学成分与样品2相同,但峰的强度（I/Io）不同,表明相同成分在两种样品中的含量不相等。同样把样品3的图谱与其他两个样品进行比较,也会得到相同的衍射峰值。表明不同产区的大黄中各化学成分的含量有差异,但其衍射图谱及衍射峰值具有一定的指纹特征。[结论]X-射线衍射法是鉴别不同产区的大黄及其他中药材的一种快捷有效的方法。     

X射线吸收精细结构光谱在土壤中的应用

由于X射线吸收精细结构(X-ray absorption fine structure,XAFS)可以原位探测吸收原子的2~3个邻近配位壳层,获得目标元素的电子结构信息和化学结构信息,所以XAFS已成为微观领域最重要的结构分析工具,丰富了我们对元素的重要化学性质和反应过程的认识。本文简述了XAFS的基本原理,探讨了样品制备、测试及数据分析等过程需关注的问题,重点综述了应用XAFS研究土壤重金属和营养元素的形态、土壤固-液界面的反应过程和机理,并指出其应用的局限性和未来发展的前景,旨在推动我国XAFS在土壤科学中的应用。由于土壤中界面反应的复杂性,XAFS应结合其他结构分析技术,结构分析技术应结合宏观数据和计算机模拟,土壤学应与其他学科交叉、融合,只有这样,才有可能在时间和空间尺度上阐明土壤组分在环境界面上的复杂反应过程和机理。     

一种半球图像的处理方法

冠层结构是描述作物植被—环境界面的重要议题,半球图像法以其方便、廉价、省时、省力获得了众多学者的青睐,但半球图像法的发展受到鱼眼镜头畸变和图像处理技术的限制。文章以模拟鱼眼镜头的模型照片为研究对象,应用Image-pro plus图像处理软件,得出从原始图像提取目标的方法步骤,易于理解,方便操作。对照相法研究林冠结构的图像处理方面有一定的指导作用。