魁蚶精子发生的超微结构

利用透射电镜(TEM)技术观察了魁蚶精子发生过程的超微结构变化。结果表明:魁蚶精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子形成等过程,在精子形成中的主要细胞学事件包括顶体的发育、核形态变化及尾部的形成等。此过程中,前顶体颗粒聚集、融合,形成顶体囊,然后发育为圆锥形顶体;核的形态由圆形或卵圆形变为鼓形,核内染色质由团块状到颗粒状,再到高电子密度均质;线粒体聚集、融合、体积变大,迁移至核的后端,参与精子中段的形成。成熟精子由头部、中段及尾部组成,头部由顶体及核构成,中段由5个线粒体围绕远端中心粒组成,尾部为细长的鞭毛。研究亮点:魁蚶为我国重要的海产经济贝类之一,目前对其精子发生过程的超微结构未见研究报道。利用透射电镜技术观察了魁蚶精子发生过程中精子顶体的形成、核的形态建成等主要细胞学事件,探明了魁蚶精子属原生型,顶体物质的合成始于初级精母细胞时期,细胞核在精子发生过程中形态变化不大等问题,为蚶科精子发生机制的深入研究提供了参考。     

Obesity increases initial rate of fibrin formation during blood coagulation in domestic shorthaired cats

Obesity predisposes to a prothrombotic state in humans, but whether a similar state occurs in obese animals is unknown. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of body fat percentage (BF) on haemostatic parameters including thromboelastography with tissue factor as activator (TF-TEG) in client owned indoor-confined physically inactive cats. Seventy-two cats were included following an initial thorough health examination, and a complete blood count, biochemistry panel, conventional coagulation panel and a TF-TEG analysis were performed with tissue factor (1:50,000) as activator. The cats were anaesthetized, and BF was measured using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Significant difference between lean (BF < 35%, n = 26), overweight (35% < BF < 45%, n = 28) and obese (BF > 45%, n = 18) cats was identified using ANOVA. The correlation between BF, serum leptin and total adiponectin, respectively, with individual TEG and conventional coagulation parameters was evaluated. Obese cats showed a faster rate of fibrin formation (TF-TEG(R), p < 0.05), and TF-TEG(R) was positively correlated with plasma leptin levels. Increasing BF did not affect other conventional coagulation or TF-TEG parameters. In conclusion, this study indicates a connection between body fat content and altered haemostasis, also in cats. Whether feline obesity causes a hypercoagulable state of clinical relevance should be further investigated.     

Commercial Breeding with Sexed Stallion Semen: Reality or Fiction?

Sorting stallion spermatozoa for the purpose of separating X- and Y-bearing spermatozoal populations has had significant advances in the past 10 years. However, current technology requires that the mare be close to the laboratory processing the semen. The development of procedures to cool and freeze sex-sorted sperm will be critical if this technology is to be embraced by the equine industry worldwide.     

影响猪精子介导基因转移效果的因素研究

为优化猪精子载体法技术参数,利用荧光定量PCR、荧光显微镜检测和精液常规检测方法,分析不同DNA转染剂、不同孵育温度和不同形态DNA对猪精子转染外源DNA的影响。结果表明,PEI和TransFast转染剂能极显著提高猪精子转染效果,且PEI优于TransFast,而NanoFect转染剂包裹DNA不能转染精子。随着转染温度的升高,精子的活力和活率均明显下降,而转染率和内化外源DNA量基本保持稳定,而吸附外源DNA量呈下降趋势。环状DNA和线性化DNA在与精子共孵育后,两者的精子活力、活率、转染率和内化外源DNA量差异均不显著,精子吸附线性化DNA量极显著高于环状DNA量。综合分析表明,外源DNA形态对猪精子转染效果无显著影响;PEI和TransFast能够显著提高猪精子转染效果;共孵育温度以17℃为最佳,本结果为开展精子载体法制备转基因猪研究提供了基础试验依据。     

双胚苗水稻种子的扫描电镜观察

以同源四倍体双胚苗水稻品系(D07-04-01)及其衍生后代(01-04-01,D07-02-01,DP07-04-01)为研究材料,利用扫描电镜技术和X射线衍射技术对稻米的垩白性状、淀粉粒的形态特征和淀粉的晶体特性进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,与其他材料相比,双胚苗二倍体品系D07-02-01的垩白粒率、垩白度和垩白大小均最小,稻米的自然横断面中部无明显辐射状,裂痕少且浅,"粗短形"的不规则多边形胚乳细胞与淀粉粒分布均匀,多面体状淀粉粒呈现典型的晶体结构,数目多且排列致密,球形单粒淀粉粒和块状不规则的复粒淀粉体数目比较少,相对结晶度高,直链淀粉含量低,即外观品质和食味品质均比其他四倍体品系好。     

哺乳动物精子获能的分子机制

精子获能是精子能够与卵母细胞发生顶体反应和受精的一个重要生理前提。精子获能的分子机制相当复杂,许多报道表明精子获能受到多种细胞信号途径的调控。尽管目前尚未完全明确,但是许多研究表明获能精子发生许多结构和生化变化,包括蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化、精子膜胆固醇外流、活性氧的产生及精子膜超极化,这些变化都有助于精子获能的发生。Ca2 和HCO3-通过对cAMP的调控有助于获能完成,葡萄糖、孕酮和肝素作为获能液的重要添加物,通过不同途径促发精子获能。文章从这些方面对获能做一综述,在此基础上提出以后的研究方向。     

Reproduction in the Rock Hyrax (Procavia Capensis)

Irradiation has adverse effects on reproductive aspects such as spermatogenic cell population and cell malformation, leading to reduced sperm count and non-viable spermatozoa. This has overshadowed possible effects of radiation exposure on biochemical environment throughout the epididymis and the viability of spermatozoa that appeared morphologically normal. The effects of radiation exposure on sperm quality were evaluated through mating trials and assessment of the cauda epididymal sperm motility. Sprague Dawley rats with body mass of 300–400 g were selected at random. Two experimental groups received acute ⁶°Co γ-radiation doses of 3.5 and 6.0 Gy, respectively. Data were collected 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post-irradiation. Each male was housed with a non-irradiated super-ovulated female during mating trials. Cauda epididymal sperm motility was assessed with the CASMA. Hormone analyses were carried through chemiluminescence diagnostic tests to determine the endocrine status. Results suggest that irradiation causes an overproduction of estrogens, which suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and inhibits LH and FSH secretions. Both LH and FSH deficiencies have negative effects on the testicular index and local reproductive hormones. Elevated estrogen levels influenced the epididymal internal milieu negatively, resulting in rigid, flagella bending sperm tail, impaired progressive movement of the spermatozoa and hence infertility     

L-肉碱对猪精液冷冻保存效果的研究

本试验用5%二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)替代甘油作为冷冻保护剂,研究不同浓度(0、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08 mg/mL)L-肉碱对猪精液冻后常规指标(精子活率、线粒体活性、顶体完整性、质膜完整性)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总抗氧化酶(T-AOC)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:添加0.04和0.06 mg/mL的L-肉碱可有效改善猪精液冷冻后效果。0.04 mg/mL组可显著提高精子冻后活率和线粒体活性(P<0.05);0.06 mg/mL组可显著提高顶体完整性和质膜完整性(P<0.05)。添加0.06 mg/mL L-肉碱可显著提高冷冻后精子内T-AOC酶活性并且抑制MDA的产生(P<0.05),但CAT活性与0.04 mg/mL组差异不显著。在冷冻稀释液中添加0.06 mg/mL L-肉碱可以提高猪精液冷冻保存效果。     

Analysis of a survey of metabolic disorders

Extract

This survey was instigated in an endeavour to determine the overall incidence of metabolic disorders in dairying herds in the area covered by the Huntly District Veterinary Club. Response to treatment and mortality figures are also included.     

Effect of concentration and addition method of glycerol on the quality of cryopreserved mithun (Bos frontalis) spermatozoa

The effect of concentration and addition method of glycerol on the quality of cryopreserved mithun (Bos frontalis) spermatozoa was investigated. Semen samples were collected from five healthy mithun bulls through rectal massage method and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. The samples were diluted in Tris–egg yolk–glycerol extender, equilibrated for 4 h at 4 °C and loaded into 0.50‐ml straws. The straws were then frozen in liquid nitrogen vapour for 10 min and finally plunged into liquid nitrogen for storage. The required amount of glycerol was added into the diluted samples either in a single dose (3%, 4%, 5%, 6% or 7%; added at 37 °C immediately before equilibration) or in split doses (5%, 6% or 7%; the total amount was divided into four equal parts, and a part was added at 37 °C immediately before equilibration, and the remaining parts were added subsequently at 1, 2 and 3 h of equilibration at 4 °C). In the single‐dose addition method, following freeze‐thawing, greater (p < 0.05) motility (%) and proportion of live spermatozoa with intact acrosome (LSIA, %) in 5% glycerol (40.6 ± 1.7 and 43.4 ± 1.8 respectively) and lesser (p < 0.05) total morphological abnormalities (%) in 5% (14.1 ± 0.8) and 6% (13.7 ± 1.0) glycerol were observed compared to the other glycerol concentrations. In the split‐dose addition method, following freeze‐thawing, greater (p < 0.05) motility (%) and LSIA proportion (%) were found in 5% (50.2 ± 1.9 and 53.3 ± 1.8 respectively) compared to 6% or 7% glycerol, but the total morphological abnormalities were not different among the glycerol concentrations. In addition, in all the glycerol concentrations, better (p < 0.05) post‐freeze‐thaw motility and LSIA proportions were observed when glycerol was added in split doses compared to a single dose. In conclusion, Tris–egg yolk extender with 5% glycerol added in split doses was found most suitable for cryopreserving mithun sperm.