Yield and adaptation of hexaploid spring triticale

Summary Gains in yield and stability were analysed using grain yield data from the 8th to the 14th International Triticale Yield Nursery (ITYN) and differences in adaptation between complete and substituted triticales (X Triticosecale Wittmack) were examined. A trend of improving yield and adaptation was observed. As highly significant genotype × site interaction each year was not adequately described using regression analysis, yield stability was examined by ranking genotypes within sites and summarizing scores for individual genotypes across sites. Cluster analysis was used to study the relationships among sites and among genotypes. There was little evidence of sites grouping on a geographical basis. Grouping of genotypes showed a tendency for complete and substituted triticales to perform differently, suggesting that diversity for adaptation is maximized by utilizing both types in breeding.Progress for grain yield is compared with more spectacular gains in test weight and reasons for the different rates of improvement are postulated.Abbreviations CIMMYT International Maize & Wheat Improvement Centre - ITYN International Triticale Yield Nursery contribution from CIMMYT/Agriculture Canada (No. R-002)     

杂交稻野败胞质对稻瘟病菌、白叶枯病菌感病性的研究

选用3个水稻野败胞质不育系及相应的保持系,3个恢复系及它们相应的野败胞质代换系,这些不育系、保持系同恢复系配组的18个 F_1,分别在秧苗期接种属我国7个稻瘟病生理小种群的21个菌株;在成株期接种15个白叶枯病菌株。结果表明,野败胞质较之正常胞质表现对这两种病菌感病稍轻;这种差异在多数保持系的基因型背景下达到显著水准,     

Agronomical and morphological differentiation among winter and spring triticales

A collection of 299 secondary hexaploid triticale cultivars and advanced breeding lines from 18 countries, which were considered a representative sample of the existing diversity, was evaluated for morphological and agronomical characters with autumn planting at Lleida, Spain, from 1988 to 1991. The entries were classified as having winter (84) or spring (215) growth habit and among this latter group were complete (73) or substituted (147) types according to CIMMYT's terminology. Winter and spring triticales were grouped by cluster and principal component analyses. Winter triticales were taller with longer growth cycles, longer spikes, and more spikelets per spike than spring types. At early stages they also had prostrate growth. Spring-substituted types were separated from complete material. As a group, spring-substituted triticales differed more from winter types than the spring complete genotypes, which showed intermediate characteristics. Complete types of spring habit had tendency to be taller, with longer spikes, more spikelets per spike and bigger and heavier grains than substituted triticales. Greater variation in morphological and agronomical parameters was detected among winter triticales followed by the complete-spring group.     

驱蚊草组培快繁技术研究初报

以驱蚊草茎段为试材，正交设计法考察3种激素对其增殖率的影响，结果表明，MS+6-BA1.0 mg/L +IBA0.1 mg/L +GA3 1.1 mg/L为增殖培养的适宜培养基。1/2MS+ IBA0.1mg/L为生根培养的适宜培养基。     

用冻干精子生产ICSI小鼠

前期研究中，我们采用小鼠卵母细胞胞浆内精子注射（ICSI）技术，成功地用新鲜精子获得了生理健康的ICSI小鼠。在此基础上，本文结合细胞冻干技术，进行了冻干精子ICSI生产试管小鼠的尝试。B6D2F1成年公鼠的精子在Tris-HCl-EDTA（pH8.2）溶液中冻干4 h后解冻，将其精子头注入到KM小鼠成熟卵母细胞的胞质中。6 h后，83.0%的卵子受精。用CZB溶液体外培养发现，冻干精子生产的胚胎，体外发育至2-C (92.0% vs 99.5%)、4-C（52.7% vs 97.2%）、桑椹胚（36.6% vs 86.3%）和囊胚的比例（21.4% vs 68.7%）极显著地（p<0.01）低于新鲜精子生产的ICSI胚胎。移植2-C期冻干精子ICSI胚胎检测体内发育，结果发现，D10的着床率为63.0%（17/27）；胎鼠的出生比例为21.7%（13/60），这些ICSI小鼠成年后的生理和生殖能力正常。试验结果说明，精子冻干后，仍能生产ICSI动物，冻干技术可以用于哺乳动物精子的保存。     

苹果水分与CT值相关性的研究

利用数值仿真方法研究果蔬干燥过程，含水率的数值计算结果必须得到试验的验证。然而以往的验证都是整体平均值的验证，不是含水率的分布值验证，这就不能证明计算结果的完全正确性，也不能给改进干燥工艺提供有重要价值的参考。为了能够检测果蔬内部含水率的在线分布值，通过试验及对苹果(红富士)CT图片特性的检测、数据分析，发现苹果某点的含水率与其相应CT图片上点的CT值之间、CT图片上的点的RGB值与其CT值之间都存在着显著的线性相关性，从而使我们可通过某点的CT值或RGB值得到该点的含水率。由此找到一条通过CT图像来检测果蔬在线含水率分布的新途径。     

水分含量对玉米淀粉颗粒结晶度的影响

 应用X-射线衍射方法对不同水分含量的玉米淀粉颗粒的结晶度进行了研究。只有在玻璃态情况下,淀粉的无定型区域才产生X-射线衍射图样,衍射峰的强度、面积在某种程度上依赖于淀粉的含水量。玉米淀粉颗粒的X-射线衍射图形是由两部分组成的:微晶区域和无定型区域。随着水分含量的增加,样品的结晶度从小到大,并达到一个平衡值(约45%)。室温下,当水分含量处于低水平时(小于11.25%),玉米淀粉颗粒中的无定型区域处于玻璃态,衍射图形显示的是微晶区域和无定型区域两部分的衍射图形的综合。当水分含量处于较高水平时(大于18.55%),淀粉颗粒中的无定型区域处于橡胶态,其X-射线衍射图形仅由微晶区域形成。在较低水分含量时(小于18.55%),由于塑化作用的影响,增大含水量会导致更多的微晶的形成。当水分含量超过18.55%之后,再增大水分,就会导致微晶片层和剩余的无定型片层的同时分解。     

牛精子体外获能前后元素变化的研究

 本文应用x射线能谱技术，对获能前后精子质膜表面（头部、中段）和内部（顶体内、中段线粒体内）的元素进行了分析测试。结果表明，牛精子用肝素+咖啡因体外获能后，头部、中段质膜表面的Na、Al、S、K含量升高，Cl、Ca含量降低；顶体内Na、Mg、Si、P和Fe含量降低，而Ca、K、Cl和S含量升高；精子中段线粒体内Na、P、Si、Cl和Ca升高，而Mg、S、K和Fe却降低。获能过程中精子顶体内Na/Ca、Na/K、Cl/Ca、Cl/K和Na/Cl的浓度比分别为42.13、12.43、15.36、45.31和2.74；而摩尔比又分别为73.42、21.13、17.37、4.99和4.23。本文并对可能的获能机理进行了讨论。     

家兔精子体外获能与体外受精试验

本试验目的在于建立一种简便而有效的系统,能使家兔射出的精子完成体外获能,并获得体外受精、早期卵裂和正常产仔。精子体外获能采用三种方法:A.HIS(15min)+DM(1～2h);B.HIS(15min)+DM(11～12h);C.m-HIS(15min)+m-DM(2～4h)。经上述方法处理的精子与512枚输卵管卵母细胞进行体外受精和体外培养的结果表明,A组的受精和早期卵裂发育延迟;B组的受精卵大都停留在原核期;C组的受精和早期卵裂发育正常。将C组60枚2-4细胞移植至9只受体兔,5只妊娠,其中2只产4只试管仔兔,另外3只获得12个胎儿。     

单细胞电泳技术检测低温保存猪精子的DNA损伤

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE),对冷冻解冻后猪精子DNA的损伤情况进行研究.结果表明,冷冻解冻会对猪精子DNA造成损伤,其彗星率与鲜精相比差异显著(P＜0.05);各组冻精之间,甘油添加量为2%～3%(v/v)时,冷冻对猪精子DNA造成的损伤最低,彗星率均低于其余各组(P＜0.05).