湘西典型植烟土壤酸碱缓冲特性及影响因素

为探明山地植烟土壤酸碱缓冲特性,采集了湘西山区烤烟典型生产区的28个土壤样本,采用酸碱滴定法和灰色关联法分析了湘西山地植烟土壤酸碱缓冲特性以及土壤缓冲容量与各影响因素之间的量化关系。结果表明：湘西山地植烟土壤酸碱缓冲量为11.35~43.29 mmol·kg^-1,平均为17.26 mmol·kg^-1,黄棕壤的酸碱缓冲量（11.35~43.29 mmol·kg^-1）显著高于黄壤（11.79~20.70 mmol·kg^-1）。有78.57%的样本对酸碱敏感,黄壤土是否对酸敏感由有机质含量决定,黄棕壤土是否对酸敏感与pH和有机质含量密切相关。对于同一土壤类型,有机质和黏粒含量与酸碱缓冲容量显著正相关;对于黄棕壤,酸碱缓冲容量还与pH和阳离子交换量呈显著正相关,与交换性酸和交换性铝呈显著负相关。主要土壤类型之间缓冲性能存在较大差异,黄壤土酸碱缓冲性能主要受土壤有机质、阳离子交换量和黏粒含量的影响;黄棕壤土酸碱缓冲性能主要受pH、阳离子交换量和有机质的影响。在生产中应采用合理施用化肥、增施有机肥、调节土壤酸性等措施提高植烟土壤酸碱缓冲性能,为优质烟叶生产创造良好的生态环境。     

伏牛山区陶湾流域径流泥沙模拟误差分析

以豫西伏牛山区陶湾流域为研究对象,利用该流域2006—2007年22次径流、泥沙数据对分布式AnnAGNPS（Annualized AGricultural NonPoint Source）模型进行校准,2008—2009年31次径流、泥沙数据对模型进行验证。选取R²（决定系数）、E（效率系数）、VE（误差比）等统计参量评估流域径流、泥沙、氮、磷物质输出的模拟精度。结果表明:（1）SCS-CN值是径流模拟精度的主要影响因素,校准期内径流VE=-7.7%（R²=0.95,p < 0.05）,验证期内VE=-6.1%（R²=0.90,p < 0.05）,误差值位于可接受的范围之内, < ±15%。径流误差相对较低,径流模拟精度也影响泥沙和氮、磷的模拟精度;（2）泥沙模拟误差影响因素较为复杂,植被覆盖率、曼宁粗糙系数等因素最为敏感,还受流域DEM、土壤、土地利用等空间参数精度的影响。校准期内VE=15.1%（R²=0.55,p < 0.05）,验证期内VE=17.0%（R²=0.60,p < 0.05）,泥沙模拟误差较径流要大。泥沙和径流模拟误差趋势相同,对小型降雨事件,模拟值偏高,大型降雨事件模拟值偏低。（3）氮、磷模拟值具有更大的不确定性,氮VE=22.0%（R²=0.69,p < 0.05）,磷VE=24.0%（R²=0.48,p < 0.05）。AnnAGNPS模型对径流、泥沙、氮、磷模拟均存在有一定的不确定性,模拟误差呈现一定的变化趋势。校准后的AnnAGNPS模型可以用于伏牛山区流域。     

太白山保护区气温变化及其空间差异性分析

根据太白山保护区周边15个气象站1959-2013年以及保护区内11个高山气象站2012-2014年的数据,采用Kriging插值法、一元线性回归分析法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法等,结合ArcGIS分析太白山保护区的气温变化趋势和突变特征,并对比保护区南北坡和高海拔区域（海拔≥2800m）与保护区整体的气温变化差异。结果表明：(1)1959-2013年太白山保护区的气温呈波动上升趋势,线性倾向率为0.329℃·10a-1（P＜0.05）。气温变化空间差异明显,东南部和西部地区气温上升趋势显著（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,最高达0.383℃·10a-1;四季气温均呈上升趋势,冬季升温最快,春季最慢。(2)M-K检验表明,1998年前后保护区整体气温发生增温突变。突变后气温上升加快,上升趋势达显著水平的区域为86.76%。(3)空间差异分析显示,55a来太白山保护区北坡年平均气温和升温速率明显低于南坡,北坡和南坡年平均气温线性倾向率分别为0.247和0.291℃·10a-1。高海拔区域的年平均气温线性倾向率为0.244℃·10a-1,低于保护区整体,其气温突变发生在2001年,突变前东南部升温最快,突变后西部升温速率降低,中部地区升温明显加快。     

洞庭湖区退田还湖的产业结构调整研究

洞庭湖区经济社会要可持续发展，退田还湖是客观要求，实质内涵之一就是要进行产业结构调整。本文概述了湖区自然、经济社会概况；湖区产业现状及存在的问题；但着重论述了湖区产业结构优化调整：应立足资源优势、产业现有基础，以经济繁荣和可持续发展为目标，用农业产业化、工业化和城镇化为途径，重点发展工业原料林及林产品加工业、草食性畜养殖业、水产水禽养殖业、农产品加工业及旅游业和商贸流通业。尤其是提出要解放思想，更新观念。加大加快发展湖区林业与湖区畜牧业的观点。     

长白山阔叶红松林早春植物群落特征研究

研究了长白山阔叶红松林内早春植物群落特征，为进一步深入研究其在森林生态系统中物质循环和能量流动等生态功能奠定基础。早春植物主要有12种2变种，隶属于8属4科。按Raunkiaer生活型分类标准统计，早春植物都属于地下芽植物。分别以相对多度、相对频度、相对显度和重要值为标准对各种早春植物进行排序，重要值排在前5位的植物分别是黑水银莲花、朝鲜银莲花、荷青花、五福花、大人字果。早春植物群落物种多样性的Shannon指数为2．5229，群落均匀度为0．9560，生态优势度为0．3212。     

长白山生态旅游发展研究

长白山是东北亚地区至关重要的生态保护屏障,同时又是中国第三代旅游开发的领军景区。在充分发挥其生态功能的同时,长白山旅游业的发展存在许多值得关注的问题。本文对长白山旅游业的条件、现状、发展影响因素等进行了深入的剖析,理性而有针对性地提出了保护与开发的具体措施,为长白山旅游业的可持续发展提供技术支撑和决策依据。     

Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park,south‐western Pacific

• 1. Quantitative subtidal surveys of fishes, macro‐invertebrates and sessile organisms at 33 sites within the Lord Howe Island Marine Park revealed a rich fauna and flora, including 164 fishes, 40 mobile invertebrate taxa, 53 coral and other sessile invertebrate taxa, 32 algal taxa, and two seagrasses. The biota in this newly‐zoned marine park was overwhelmingly tropical when species lists were tabulated; however, species with distributions centred on temperate coasts of eastern Australia and New Zealand occurred in disproportionately high densities compared with the tropical species.
• 2. Lord Howe Island reefs were generally in good condition. Virtually no bleached coral was observed (0.2% of the reef surface; 0.8% of total hard coral cover). Living scleractinian coral comprised the predominant group of organisms growing on reef surfaces, with 25.5% cover overall. Other major taxa observed were brown algae (18.8% cover) and red algae (16.9% cover).
• 3. Three distinctive community types were identified within the marine park—coral reefs, macroalgal beds and an offshore/open coast community. The distribution of these community types was strongly related to wave exposure, as indicated by an extremely high correlation with the first principal coordinates axis for biotic data (R²=0.80).
• 4. The close (<3 km) proximity of tropical coral and temperate macroalgal community types off Lord Howe Island is highly unusual, with localized patterns of nutrient enrichment suggested as the primary cause. The macroalgal community type is only known from a small area off the south‐western coast that is not protected from fishing. This community is considered highly susceptible to threats because of potential impacts of global warming and the possibility of expansion of sea urchin barrens. Coral bleaching and ocean acidification associated with global climate change also threaten the coral reef community, which includes relatively high numbers of endemic and near endemic fish species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

深圳羊台山森林公园红鳞蒲桃种内与种间竞争研究

为了解羊台山的红鳞蒲桃群落种内竞争强度和种间竞争强度,使用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型定量分析。结果表明,红鳞蒲桃的竞争强度呈现双峰特征:种内竞争强度随着植株径级的增大而呈减小趋势,种内竞争显著大于种间竞争;在35~40 cm径级竞争指数再次出现一个峰值。目标树种种内、种间竞争强度的顺序为:红鳞蒲桃>九节>鸭脚木>豺皮樟>银柴>山乌桕>山苍子>黑柃。竞争木对目标树种的竞争强度与目标树种的胸径服从幂函数关系,竞争强度和目标树种个体的大小呈负相关关系,当红鳞蒲桃胸径达到25 cm后,竞争强度趋于稳定。     

不同恢复途径对大兴安岭森林沼泽群落植物多样性影响

采用样带网格调查方法与多样性指数方法,研究大兴安岭天然森林沼泽群落、火干扰后自然演替途径恢复的森林沼泽群落和人工造林途径恢复的森林沼泽群落的物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性及其沿过渡带环境梯度的变化规律,探讨退化森林沼泽群落的有效恢复途径。结果表明:①演替群落和人工群落的物种丰富度较其天然群落均有所增加(4~24和7~25),但两者的恢复机制却有所不同,前者草本种类和灌木种类均较其相应天然群落有所增加,而后者仅有草本种类增加,灌木种类却显著减少;②天然、演替和人工群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数沿沼泽至森林方向过渡带环境梯度依次呈递减、恒定和波动分布格局(2.1907、1.9319、0.8134,2.1216、1.9642、2.0493,1.9693、1.2830、1.4782),且演替群落与天然群落较接近(-3.2%、1.7%、151.9%),而人工群落与天然群落差异性较大(-10.1%、-33.6%、81.7%),因此,演替途径在维持物种多样性方面较人工途径有优势;③天然、演替和人工群落的组成种沿过渡带环境梯度平均变动速率依次为16.2、21.3和18.8,演替群落和人工群落分别较天然群落提高了32.7%和16.0%,因此,演替途径在维持群落多样性方面也较人工途径有优势。     

Leaf and twig litter decomposition of main species in different forests along the north slope of Changbai Mountain, northeast China

From 2001 to 2003, the litter decomposition dynamics of dominant tree species were conducted using a litterbag burying method in the broadleaf-Korean pine forest, spruce-fir forest and Ermans birch forest, which represents three altitudinal belts in Changbai Mountain, northeast China. The spatial and temporal dynamics of litter decomposition and the effects of litter properties were examined. Furthermore, the decomposition trend of different species was simulated by the Olson model, and results showed that annual mass loss rates increased over time, but was not significantly correlated. Leaf decomposition rates increased after decomposing for 638 days (1.75 years), and the order of dry weight remaining rates of leaf litter for different species is: Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla) (24.56%) < Amur linden (Tilia amurensis) (24.81%) < Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) (38.48%) < spruce (Picea jezoensis var. microsperma) (41.15%) < Ermans birch (Betula ermanii) (41.53%) < fir (Abies nephrolepis) (42.62%). The dry weight remaining rates of twig litter was smaller than that of leaf litter, and followed the order of Amur linden (44.98%) < fir (64.62%) < Korean pine (72.07%) < spruce (73.51%) < Asian white birch (77.37%) < Ermans birch (80.35%). The simulation results by the Olson model showed that, in leaf, the 95%-decomposition rates ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 years, and annual decomposition rate (k) followed the order of Amur linden (0.686) > Asian white birch (0.624) > Korean pine (0.441) > spruce (0.406) > fir (0.397) > Ermans birch (0.385); in twig, it ranged from 7.8 to 29.3 years, and k follows the order: Amur linden (0.391) > fir (0.204) > Korean pine (0.176) > spruce (0.157) > Asian white birch (0.148) > Ermans birch (0.102). In general, the differences of decomposition rate are evident between leaf and twig litter and among species, and were higher in broad-leaved species compared with coniferous species at the same elevation, and decreased with the ascending of elevation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1,037–1,046 [译自: 生态学报]