波德代羊羊毛品质分析研究

通过对波德代羊毛纤维的自然毛丛长度、伸直长度、细度、强伸度的试验研究，表明：成年波德代羊毛自然毛丛长度公羊为17．08cm，母羊为14．79cm；羊毛细度公羊为31．9μm，母羊为28．37μm；羊毛强度公、母羊分别为35.13cN、33.73cN；伸度公、母羊分别为51．54％、51．91％；羊毛油脂率公、母羊分别为12．51％、11．03％；净毛率公、母羊分别为68.26％、65．71％。     

敖汉细毛羊主要经济性状的遗传力估计

研究采用父系半同胞相关法和单元内半同胞相关法分别估算了敖汉细毛羊的初生重、断乳重、断乳毛细度、周岁毛细度、周岁毛长、周岁剪毛量、周岁剪毛后体重、2周岁毛细度、2周岁毛长、2周岁剪毛量、2周岁剪毛后体重的遗传力。结果发现,这些性状的遗传力均为中高遗传力,在0.1～0.7之间。     

Surface characterization of low temperature plasma treated wool fiber

Previous investigation results revealed that after the Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) treatment, the hydrophilicity of wool fiber was improved significantly. Such improvement enhances the wool dyeing and finishing processes which might be due to the changes of the wool surface to a more reactive one. In this paper, wool fibers were treated with LTP with different gases, namely, oxygen, nitrogen and gas mixture (25 % hydrogen/75 % nitrogen). Investigations showed that chemical composition of wool fiber surface varied differently with the different plasma gas used. The surface chemical composition of the different LTP-treated wool fibers was evaluated with different characterization methods, namely FTIR-ATR, XPS and saturated adsorption value. The experimental results were thoroughly discussed.     

Modeling the tensile strains of non-uniform fibers

The maximum strain experienced by the thinnest segment of a non-uniform fiber governs fiber breakage, yet this maximum strain can not be obtained from a normal single fiber test. Only the average strain of the whole fiber specimen can be obtained from a normal single fiber tensile test. This study has examined the relationship between the average strain, the maximum strain and the degree of fiber non-uniformity, expressed in coefficient of variation (CV) of fiber diameters along fiber length. The tensile strain of irregular fibers has been simulated using the finite element method (FEM). Using this method, average and maximum tensile strains of non-uniform fibers were calculated. The results indicate that for irregular fibers such as wool, there is an exponential relationship (i.e.ɛ _ave ɛ _max=ae ^{−b CV} ) between the ratio of average breaking strain and maximum breaking strain (ɛ _ave ɛ _max) and the along-fiber diameter variation (CV). The strain ratio decreases with the increase of the along-fiber diameter variation.     

Dyeing of wool with Marigold and its properties

This research work involves the dyeing of wool with Marigold as a source of yellow colour. To do this, wool yarns pre-treated with Alum as a colorless mordant, dyed with Marigold and then treated with different percentages of ammonia solutions. The chromaticity co-ordinates of samples measured in CIELAB system. TheL* values of all ammonia treated samples decreased and the values ofa*,b*,C* dependent on the ammonia solution. It can also indicate that the reflectance spectrum of treated samples decreases due to ammonia treatment. The rate of vertical wicking decreases on Marigold dyed treated with ammonia. Color hue of the Marigold dyed wool alters after washing with standard soap and ammonia after-treatment has no influence on washing fastness. The samples dyed with Marigold and after-treated with ammonia show a lower light fastness.     

Dimensional properties of low temperature plasma and silicone treated wool fabric

Three different silicone polymer systems, such as aminofunctional, epoxyfunctional, and hydrophilic epoxyfunctional silicone polymers, were applied onto plasma pretreated wool fabric to improve the dimensional properties. The results showed that the plasma pretreatment modified the cuticle surface of the wool fiber and increased the reactivity of wool fabric toward silicone polymers. Felting shrinkage of plasma and silicone treated wool fabric was decreased with different level depending on the applied polymer system. Fabric tear strength and hand were adversely affected by plasma treatment, but these properties were favorably restored on polymer application. Therefore, it has been concluded that the combination of plasma and silicone treatments can achieve the improved dimensional stability, and better performance properties of wool fabric. The surface smoothness appearances of treated fabrics were measured using a new evaluation system, which showed good correspondence with the results of KES-FB4 surface tester.     

Estimates of genetic parameters for worm resistance,wool and growth traits in Merino sheep of Uruguay

The genotype of an individual and the environment as the maternal ability of its dam have substantial effects on the phenotype expression of many production traits. The aim of the present study was to estimate the (co)variance components for worm resistance, wool and growth traits in Merino sheep, testing the importance of maternal effects and to determine the most appropriate model for each trait. The traits analyzed were Greasy Fleece Weight (GFW), Clean Fleece Weight (CFW), average Fibre Diameter (FD), Coefficient of Variation of FD (CVFD), Staple Length (SL), Comfort Factor (CF30), Weaning Weight (WWT), Yearling Body Weight (YWT) and Faecal worm Egg Count (FEC). The data were recorded during a 15-year period from 1995 to 2010, from Uruguayan Merino stud flocks. A Bayesian analysis was performed to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters. By ignoring or including maternal genetic or environmental effects, five different univariate models were fitted in order to determine the most effective for each trait. For CVFD and YWT, the model fitting the data best included direct additive effects as the only significant random source of variation. For GFW, CFW, FD, SL and CF30 the most appropriate model included direct-maternal covariance; while for FEC included maternal genetics effects with a zero direct-maternal covariance. The most suitable model for WWT included correlated maternal genetic plus maternal permanent environmental effects. The estimates of direct heritability were moderate to high and ranged from 0.15 for log transformed FEC to 0.74 for FD. Most of the direct additive genetic correlation (rg) estimations were in the expected range for Merino breed. However, the estimate of rg between FEC and FD was unfavourable (−0.18±0.03). In conclusion, there is considerable genetic variation in the traits analyzed, indicating the potential to make genetic progress on these traits. This study showed that maternal effects are influencing most of traits analyzed, thus these effects should be considered in Uruguayan Merino breeding programs; since the implementation of an appropriate model of analysis is critical to obtain accurate estimates.     

Dyeing properties and colour fastness of wool dyed with indicaxanthin natural dye

This research work involves the dyeing of wool with indicaxanthin, a natural dye extracted from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to mix 50 g of Juice from cactus pears with 100 mL of 80% aqueous ethanol as solvent for dye extraction. Liquid chromatography was applied for the separation. Two main dyes were obtained, which were identified as indicaxanthin (75 mg per 50 g) and betanin (5 mg per 50 g). The effect of dye bath pH, salt concentration, dyeing time and temperature were studied. The optimal conditions for wool dyeing with indicaxanthin dye were carried out at 70 °C for 90 min with the pre-treatment of various metal salts as mordant. The colour yields of the dye on the wool were found to be highly dependent of the pH, optimum results being obtained at pH 4. The K/S of wool increased in the order of the dyeing using KAl (SO₄)₂ > MnSO₄ > CoSO₄ > FeSO₄ > none > ZnSO₄ > CuSO₄. Un-mordanted samples have good properties of water and washing fastness. Mordants KAl (SO₄)₂ and CoSO₄ were found to give good light fastness (rating 5).     

The effect of a new setting agent for wool

Pleated wool fabrics were prepared by the treatment with ethylenediamine (EDA) at 90°C for 30 min. The degree of set, tensile property and dyeing of the treated fabrics have been discussed in relation to the concentration of EDA in the treatment system. No significant decreases in tensile strength and elongation, and great increases of exhaustion of synthetic and natural dyes were observed. Pleat and flat set were successfully attained in a wide range of the concentration of EDA. Excellent dyeability and setability of the fabrics obtained were considered to be associated with the existence of new crosslink, β-N-(2-aminoethyl)alanino-β-aminoalanine and the pendant group, β-N-(2-aminoethyl) aminoalanine produced by the reaction of EDA with dehydroalanine intermediate.     

Diameter variations of irregular fibers under different tensions

The cross-section area of animal fibers varies along the fiber length, and this geometrical irregularity has a major impact on the mechanical properties of those fibers. In practice fibers are often subjected to tensile stresses during processing and application, which may change fiber cross-section area. It is thus necessary to examine geometrical irregularity of fibers under tension. In this study, scoured animal fibers were subjected to different tensile loading using a Single Fiber Analyzer (SIFAN) instrument. The 3D images of the fiber specimens were first constructed, and then along-fiber diameter irregularities of the specimens were analyzed for different levels of tensile loading. The changes in effective fineness of the fiber specimens were also discussed. The results indicate that for the wool fibers examined, there is considerable discrepancy in the fiber diameter results obtained from the commonly used single scan along fiber length and that from multiple scans at different rotational angles, and that the diameter variation along fiber length increases as fiber tension increases. The results also show that when diameter reduction treatments are applied to wool by stretching, the reduced average fiber diameter is associated with an increase in both within-fiber and between-fiber diameter variations. So in terms of effective fineness, the change is much smaller than the difference between the average diameters of the parent and treated wool. These results have significant implications for improving the accuracy of fiber diameter measurement and evaluation.