Density loss and respiration rates in coarse woody debris of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus maculata

This study compared field and laboratory decomposition rates of coarse woody debris (CWD) (>10 cm diameter) from three tree species: Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans, and Eucalyptus maculata. For this purpose, the density loss of logs on the ground sampled from chronosequences of sites following harvesting was determined using the water replacement technique. P. radiata logs were sampled 1, 2.5, 6, and 9 years following harvesting, and logs of E. regnans and E. maculata were collected from sites that were harvested 1, 3.5, 6.5, and 12 and 1.5, 6.5, and 11.5 years ago, respectively. In addition, the C/N ratio of wood was determined and current respiration rates of logs from these different age classes were measured through laboratory incubation. The times for loss of 95% of material (t_0.95) determined from density loss for these species were 24 years for P. radiata, 43 years for E. regnans, and 62 years for E. maculata. The decomposition rates of CWD derived from laboratory respiration were 6.1, 5.9 and 11.9 times higher than the decay rates from density loss in P. radiata, E. regnans, and E. maculata, respectively. This points to severe constraints of decomposition through adverse conditions in the field. The changes in respiration rates and C/N ratio with age of decaying logs indicated that the single component, negative exponential decay model could be applied satisfactorily only to P. radiata. In the case of the eucalypt species, substrate quality (expressed through respiration rates) declined in the oldest samples. This may be explained by the loss of rapidly decomposing sapwood and the retention of more decay-resistant heartwood. In these cases, a two-component model will be more suitable to describe the density loss of decaying wood.     

Core terrestrial habitat for conservation of local populations of salamanders and wood frogs in agricultural landscapes

Pond-breeding amphibians require aquatic and terrestrial habitats to complete their lifecycles, and preservation of both habitats is necessary for maintaining local populations. Current wetland regulations focus primarily on aquatic habitats, and criteria to define critical upland habitats and regulations to protect them are often ambiguous or lacking. We examined the association between the presence of seven pond-breeding amphibian species and the landscape composition surrounding 54 wetlands located within the Till Plains and the Glaciated Plateau ecoregions of Ohio, USA. We quantified landscape composition within 200 m of the wetland (“core terrestrial zone”) and the area extending from 200 m to 1 km from the wetland (“broader landscape context zone”). We constructed binary logistic regression models for each species, and evaluated them using Akaike Information Criterion. Presence of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), Jefferson's salamander complex (A. jeffersonianum) and smallmouth salamanders (A. texanum) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone. Presence of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone and the amount of forest within the broader landscape context zone. Presence of tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum tigrinum) was negatively associated with the cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site, and presence of red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus v. viridescens) was negatively associated with the average linear distance to the five nearest wetlands. Overall salamander diversity was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone, and negatively associated with the presence of predatory fish and cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site. Our results confirm the strong association between the structure of surrounding upland areas and amphibian diversity at breeding ponds, and stress the importance of preserving core terrestrial habitat around wetlands for maintaining amphibian diversity.     

季节性淹水对长江滩地69杨木材材性及其变异的影响

以安微新洲滩地上生长的６９杨为材料,研究季节性淹水对６９杨木材材性及其变异的影响。结果表明,与未淹水相比,长江滩地季节性淹水对６９杨纤维形态特征影响不大,０．０５水平下方差分析检验不显著;对木材微纤丝角,木材密度,木材干缩率和力学性质影响较大,０．０５水平下方差分析检验显著,其中,微纤丝角,基本密度,抗弯弹性模量,抗 度和气干体积缩率分别增加了１５．６％,５．９％,１５．７５,１７．２％和２８．５     

木材构造计算机视觉分析方法

讨论了目前国内外现有木材构造分析与测量技术的研究现状,提出了计算机视觉分析方法是一种自动化程度高、速度快、精度高的木材生长轮材质分析技术,同时介绍了新的分析方法。结果表明:该方法比以往木材构造分析方法具有明显的优越性,能客观、全面地分析和测量木材生长轮材质变化,可广泛应用于木材科学研究中。     

木材干燥柔性控制系统

通过分析木材干燥过程中的主要影响因素和控制参数，设计了基于微机的柔性化木材干燥控制系统。它通过微机及PC多功能实验板来完成数据采集和对系统的控制。根据材种、板材厚度及干燥质量要求等因素选择合适的干燥工艺基准进行控制，达到良好的控制效果。本系统具有干燥过程参数的实时在线测量、全自动及适用性广的优点，这种通用化、柔性和智能化的特点是木材干燥监控系统的主要发展方向。     

木材过热蒸汽干燥过程中的收缩应力(Ⅰ)--径向收缩应力特征

试验研究了日本柳杉在120—180℃高温高压过热蒸汽条件下，干燥过程中所伴随的收缩应力的发生发展特征，以及温度和相对湿度对径向收缩应力的影响。试验采用夹具束缚试件在干燥过程中的收缩变形，利用应力传感器连续测定饱水试件在高温高压过热蒸汽条件下，从试件达到环境平衡条件开始直到全干状态或明显开裂为止的径向收缩应力。对温度80—180℃，相对湿度0—80％干燥条件下收缩应力的研究结果表明，温度140℃、相对湿度60％以上的条件下，收缩应力得到有效抑制。在温度140℃以上的条件下，即使相对湿度达到100％仍然存在收缩应力，此收缩应力的发生与木材细胞壁组成的结构变化有关。     

聚乙烯、聚丙烯与木纤维复合制板工艺

通过聚乙烯、聚丙烯分别与木纤维复合制板工艺的实验，探讨了加入助剂和改变聚乙烯、聚丙烯用量对复合材料力学性能的影响，结果表明：对纤维进行改性处理，可以明显改善木塑复合材料力学功能；塑料越细且含量为30％时复合材料力学性能基本达到中密度板材的力学性能指标。     

Conserving copalillo: The creation of sustainable Oaxacan wood carvings

Most accounts of the effect of the global marketplace on deforestation in Africa, Asia, and Latin America emphasize the demand for timber used in industrial processes and the conversion of tropical forests to pastures for beef cattle. In recent years, numerous scholars and policymakers have suggested that developing a market for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) might slow the pace of habitat destruction. Although increased demand for NTFPs rarely results in massive deforestation, the depletion of the raw materials needed to make particular products is common. Many rural households in the Mexican state of Oaxaca have prospered over the past three decades through the sale of brightly-painted, whimsical wood carvings (alebrijes) to international tourists and the owners of ethnic arts shops in the United States, Canada, and Europe. This paper examines a promising project aimed at providing Oaxacan alebrije-makers with a reliable, legal, and sustainable supply of wood. The ecologists, artisans, merchants, and forest owners involved in the project face formidable obstacles. Gaining permission to harvest wood from land belonging to Oaxacan communities requires the negotiation of a complex social, legal, economic, and political landscape. Artisans’ decisions about where to obtain wood rest largely on price, quality, and reliability of the supplier; they are willing to pay a premium for ecologically sustainable wood only if the additional cost can be passed on to consumers. Nonetheless, a group of carvers has begun to buy sustainably harvested wood. This arrangement has economic advantages for both the alebrije-makers and the owners of the forests where the wood is produced. Michael Chibnik is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Iowa. He has conducted fieldwork in Belize, Peru, Mexico, and in various parts of the United States. His research interests include economic anthropology, artisans, work organization, agricultural decision-making, and political ecology. He is the author of Crafting Tradition: The Making and Marketing of Oaxacan Wood Carvings (University of Texas Press, 2003) and Risky Rivers: The Economics and Politics of Floodplain Farming in Amazonia (University of Arizona Press, 1994), and editor of Farm Work and Fieldwork: American Agriculture in Anthropological Perspective (Cornell University Press, 1987). Dr. Silvia E. Purata is a Mexican ethnoecologist based in Xalapa, Veracruz. She is a member of People and Plants International, an organization that works to integrate conservation and the use of natural resources. Purata has conducted research on the methods indigenous peoples use to extract non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in tropical forests and the fate of such systems in varying socioeconomic circumstances. She has also been working on the promotion of forest certification in the Selva Maya.     

开花期和果枝部位对短季棉纤维品质及超分子结构的影响

 利用中棉所 16研究了开花期和果枝部位对棉纤维品质与棉纤维超分子结构各项参数动态变化的影响。研究表明 ,棉纤维长度、细度、成熟度及棉纤维强度等品质性状均随开花期推迟温度降低逐渐变差 ,相同开花期条件下果枝部位对棉纤维品质性状有一定影响 ,呈现出下部棉纤维品质略高于上部的趋势 ,但不显著。前期开花较早温度较高时下部果枝的超分子结构参数呈现出优于上部的趋势 ,与下部果枝的棉纤维品质略高于上部相一致 ,但果枝部位的影响并不能改变由于开花期推迟温度降低而对棉纤维超分子结构所产生的影响。     

蜂蜜模拟麦蚜蜜露危害对小麦产量 和主要营养品质的影响

在孕穗、抽穗扬花、灌浆3个小麦生育期,分别用蜂蜜模拟麦蚜蜜露危害小麦,最后分小区收获、脱粒、室内考种并测定小麦产量和主要营养品质指标。结果表明,随着蜜露危害程度的加重,小麦千粒重、面粉淀粉含量、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量在小麦3个生育阶段均呈下降趋势。3个生育期分别被害后,小麦籽粒千粒重、蛋白质含量受影响程度最明显,湿面筋含量次之,淀粉含量变化不大。蜜露危害对小麦产量与主要营养品质的影响．在小麦3个生育期之间存在一定差异．