干燥致密土壤在沙粒流冲击下的磨蚀规律

在土壤风蚀过程中,跃移颗粒对表土的冲击磨蚀是公认的一种重要起尘机制。磨蚀体现了跃移沙与土壤相互作用,受沙粒跃移运动参数和土壤力学性质共同控制。然而,现有风蚀模型尚未充分考虑土壤力学性质的地位与作用,缺少磨蚀速率计算公式,亟需从固体力学角度探讨土壤磨蚀规律。该研究借鉴岩石磨蚀模型,针对含水率小于1.5%、体密度大于1.60×103 kg/m3的干燥致密土壤,提出了代表单位时间内的碰撞次数、土壤抗压强度和杨氏模量、入射沙粒动能和密度等综合效应的磨蚀变量;通过标准压缩试验测得黏土、砂土、壤土、砂质黏土、壤质黏土共5种人工均质土壤的抗压强度和杨氏模量的范围分别为0.823～4.092 MPa和0.043～0.149 GPa;利用自行设计的冲击磨蚀试验得到了干燥致密土壤在沙漠沙颗粒流冲击作用下的磨蚀规律,即磨蚀速率是磨蚀变量的线性函数,其斜率与截距分别为3.27×104和-0.027 kg/s。研究结果有助于恰当描述风蚀模型中的土壤力学性质、准确计算风蚀速率,进而服务于农田防护和水土保持工程,并为中国西北干旱区天然地貌和人工建筑风蚀现象的研究提供理论依据与数据支撑。     

基于空间计量分析安徽省冬小麦灾损风险的时空分布

安徽省是我国最重要的冬小麦生产省份之一,研究其灾损风险的时空变化对区域防灾减灾有着重要意义。依托74个区县1973—2014年冬小麦单产资料构建了气候减产率的逐年序列,采用空间计量分析与气候诊断探讨了灾损风险的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)基于多年平均减产率,高灾损区域的空间分布呈现出明显的年代际变化,其中沿淮地区是安徽省冬小麦灾损的首要高风险区域;(2)基于重心迁移模型,1973—2014年灾损重心经度的年际变化呈现出强烈的短期振荡,而重心纬度则呈现出显著的减少趋势;(3)基于Mann-Kendall趋势检验与Hurst指数,1973—2014年安徽省北部的冬小麦灾损风险呈现出较强的下降趋势,而南部的灾损风险呈现出上升趋势,且未来短期仍将持续该趋势。总体而言,安徽省冬小麦灾损风险的时空演变呈现出显著的南北差异格局,其中南部将会是灾损的高风险区域。     

TaJAZ7D蛋白在冬小麦JA抗寒途径中的作用

转录抑制因子JAZ（Jasmonate ZIM-domain）蛋白是茉莉酸（Jasmonate,JA）信号转导途径的核心元件,前人研究发现,拟南芥中AtJAZ1、AtJAZ4与AtICE1蛋白互作可抑制 AtICE1基因的转录,负调控拟南芥的抗寒性,然而小麦中TaJAZ与TaICE蛋白的互作调控机制尚不清楚。本研究以强抗寒冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号（Dn1）为试验材料,以与拟南芥AtJAZ1、AtJAZ4蛋白高度同源的TaJAZ7、TaJAZ12蛋白为对象,检测外源茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）对低温胁迫下 TaJAZ7、 TaJAZ12基因表达量的影响。结果发现, TaJAZ7基因的表达量与温度变化呈明显负相关,故对TaJAZ7(以TaJAZ7D为研究对象进行后续研究)蛋白进行生物信息学分析和亚细胞定位,并利用酵母双杂交技术验证TaJAZ7D蛋白与TaMYC2和TaICE41蛋白的互作。生物信息学分析表明, TaJAZ7D基因编码区序列全长为633 bp,为不稳定的亲水性混合型蛋白;TaJAZ7D蛋白有典型的TIFY和Jas结构域,属于TIFY家族。亚细胞定位发现,TaJAZ7D蛋白位于细胞核中。酵母双杂交验证试验发现,TaJAZ7D蛋白与TaMYC2和TaICE41蛋白分别存在互作关系。     

硬粒小麦白粉病成株抗性QTL的遗传分析

小麦白粉病是世界范围内广泛流行的小麦叶部真菌病害,显著影响小麦的产量和品质。由于现有品种的白粉病抗性不断丧失,使得进一步挖掘新的白粉病抗源及抗病基因十分重要。本研究以硬粒小麦品种UC1113和Kofa构建的包含93个株系的F₈代RIL群体为材料,利用235个多态性标记构建遗传图谱,并结合白粉病成株抗性表型数据,对4个环境下的白粉病成株抗性进行QTL定位。结果表明,在RIL群体中共定位到4个与白粉病成株抗性相关的QTL,分别位于1AL、4AL（2）和5AL染色体上。其中,来自UC1113的3个QTL（ QPm.hnau-1AL 、 QPm.hnau-4AL.1 和 QPm.hnau-4AL.2 ）为新的白粉病成株抗性QTL。本研究为小麦白粉病抗性基因挖掘和抗病育种提供了重要信息。     

玉米小麦垄畦套种栽培技术

根据多年从事玉米小麦垄畦套种栽培的经验,从整地、选种、种子处理、播种、水肥管理、病虫害防治等方面,详细介绍玉米小麦垄畦套种栽培技术的关键环节,为提高玉米和小麦的产量及品质提供理论参考。     

QTLs for Waterlogging Tolerance at Germination and Seedling Stages in Population of Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross Between Synthetic and Cultivated Wheat Genotypes

Waterlogging is a widespread limiting factor for wheat production throughout the world. To identify quantitative trait loci （QTLs） associated with waterlogging tolerance at early stages of growth, survival rate （SR）, germination rate index （GRI）, leaf chlorophyll content index （CCI）, root length index （RLI）, plant height index （PHI）, root dry weight index （RDWI）, shoot dry weight index （SDWI）, and total dry weight index （DWI） were assessed using the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative （ITMI） population W7984/Opata85. Significant and positive correlations were detected for all traits in this population except RLI. A total of 32 QTLs were associated with waterlogging tolerance on all chromosomes except 3A, 3D, 4B, 5A, 5D, 6A, and 6D. Some of the QTLs explained large proportions of the phenotypic variance. One of these is the QTL for GRI on 7A, which explained 23.92% of the phenotypic variation. Of them, 22 alleles from the synthetic hexaploid wheat W7984 contributed positively. These results suggested that synthetic hexaploid wheat W7984 is an important genetic resource for waterlogging tolerance in wheat. These alleles conferring waterlogging tolerance at early stages of growth in wheat could be utilized in wheat breeding for improving waterlogging tolerance.     

Diversity of Antioxidant Content and Its Relationship to Grain Color and Morphological Characteristics in Winter Wheat Grains

The current interest in the health beneifts of whole wheat grain has prompted breeders to further increase the concentration of antioxidants in wheat. The objective of this study was to investigate the variation in antioxidant content among Chinese wheat grains and the relationship between antioxidants and grain color and morphological characteristics. A wide variation was observed in the total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activity （AOA）, of Chinese wheat varieties. Black wheat had the highest mean total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and the highest AOA, followed by red and white wheats. The grain color parameters were signiifcantly negatively correlated with total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and AOA among all of the wheat varieties examined, and grain weight was also signiifcantly negatively correlated with these traits. The same correlation between grain weight and antioxidant traits was also observed within individual groups of wheat, which indicates that grain weight may be used as an index for selecting wheat varieties with high AOA. Landraces had signiifcantly higher lfavonoid content than commercial wheat varieties. The results of this study may be useful for breeding nutrient-rich wheat varieties.     

Effects of Powdery Mildew on 1000-Kernel Weight,Crude Protein Content and Yield of Winter Wheat in Three Consecutive Growing Seasons

In order to clarify the impact posed by wheat powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici） on the yield and yield components in different epidemic seasons, field trials were conducted in three growing seasons, 2009-2010, 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, in Langfang City, Hebei Province, China. The relationships between 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield and disease index （DI）, as well as area under disease progress curve （AUDPC） were studied. The models of the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content and yield were constructed using DI at critical point （CP） of growth stages （GS） and AUDPC in the three growing seasons, respectively. The CPs for estimating 1 000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield of wheat caused by powdery mildew were GS 11.1, GS 10.5.3 and GS l 0.5.3, respectively. Models based on DI at CP to estimate the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield were better than models based on AUDPC. And models of the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content and yield for 2011-2012 season were significant different from these for 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons. These results indicated that besides powdery mildew, weather conditions also had influence on 1 000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield loss of wheat when powdery mildew occurred.     

地力水平和种植密度对冬小麦子粒产量和氮素利用率的影响

[目的]旨在探讨不同地力水平下冬小麦子粒产量和氮素利用率对种植密度的响应并分析子粒产量和氮素利用率协同提高的途径,为制定冬小麦高产高效栽培管理措施奠定理论基础。[方法]试验在高、低两个地力条件下进行,以大穗型冬小麦品种泰农18为试验材料,设置135万、270万和405万株/hm23个种植密度,研究地力水平和种植密度对子粒产量及构成、氮素吸收效率、氮素利用效率和氮素利用率等相关指标的影响。[结果]高地力水平下子粒产量高于低地力水平,但氮素利用效率和氮素利用率均较低。各地力水平下,提高种植密度可显著提高冬小麦穗数和子粒产量,提高成熟期地上部氮素积累量和氮素吸收效率,但氮素收获指数和氮素利用效率随种植密度上升呈下降趋势,增密对子粒含氮量无显著影响。各地力水平下增密后氮素吸收效率增加的幅度远高于氮素利用效率降低的幅度,所以氮素利用率随着种植密度的提高而呈上升趋势。低地力水平下增密后子粒产量和氮素利用率提高的幅度均高于高地力地块。[结论]在高、低地力水平下,增加种植密度均可提高子粒产量和氮素利用率,有利于实现冬小麦的高产高效栽培,且低地力水平下增密后子粒产量和氮素利用率的增幅高于高地力水平。     

不同产羔季节细毛羊生产性能比较分析

[目的]研究西北地区不同产羔季节羔羊的生产性能.[方法]以甘肃高山细毛羊为研究对象,研究不同产羔季节对其生产性能的影响.[结果]冬羔公、母羔的初生重比春羔分别提高28.38％和15.10％,冬羔公、母羔断奶体重比春羔分别提高13.58％和5.99％,冬羔公、母羔1.5岁体重比春羔分别提高13.90％和12.97％;冬羔的污毛量、净毛量比春羔高9.72％和4.22％;冬羔的出生成活率、断奶成活率、育成成活率比春羔分别高9.53、12.98和14.43个百分点.[结论]在饲养管理条件较好的地区,冬羔的生产性能高于春羔.