华北平原冬小麦田问蒸散与棵问蒸发的变化规律研究

试验研究冬小麦田间蒸散和棵间蒸发变化规律及其影响因子结果表明 ,播种～返青期冬小麦棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)最大 ,抽穗～灌浆期最小。整个生长期间棵间蒸发占蒸散量 31 .4 % ,棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)与冬小麦叶面积指数 (LAI)有一定关系 ,E ET =0 .36 93× (LAI) - 0 .74 93(R2 =0 .82 36 )。     

不同灌溉策略下冬小麦根系的分布与水分养分的空间有效性

通过田间试验研究了少量多次和少次多量的灌溉方式下冬小麦根系的分布与水分养分的空间有效性。结果表明 :少量多次的灌溉方式降低了冬小麦返青后表层根系的生长 ,减少了拔节后该层根系的衰退。在少次多量的灌溉方式下返青期不灌水促进了表层根系的生长 ,然而拔节后该层根系衰退较多 ,但中层 ( 3 0～ 60cm)根系生长高于少量多次的灌溉方式。不同灌溉策略下根系分布的差异并不影响冬小麦对土壤水分和养分的吸收 ,由于播前土体内蓄水不足 ,三种灌溉方式下 0～ 90cm土壤可用水在收获后均消耗殆尽。灌溉促进了表层硝态氮的吸收和向下迁移 ,但两种灌溉方式下硝态氮在土体内的迁移均未超出 60cm土体 ,仍在根层之内。而不同的灌溉方式对冬小麦全生育期内土体速效磷钾的分布没有影响。扬花前两种灌溉方式下冬小麦的生长发育和养分的吸收并无差异 ,扬花后少次多量的灌溉方式由于水分供应不足 ,影响了灌浆 ,降低了千粒重 ,进而影响了产量 ,同时土壤水分缺乏也减少了该时期养分的吸收。而在少量多次的灌溉方式下 ,扬花后灌水不仅可以促进冬小麦灌浆 ,提高千粒重 ,而且增加了对养分的吸收。     

气象条件对甘肃冬小麦条锈病流行的影响研究

应用积分回归的方法分析了甘肃省东部地区气候条件对条锈病发生、发展的影响。结果表明：气温的影响在中部和北部以负效应为主，南部以正效应为主；降水、相对湿度的正效应十分明显，且影响效应大于温度。总体而言，甘肃东部的气候环境有利于小麦病虫害的发生发展。     

干旱与冬小麦和玉米产量关系的分析

对庆阳地区前一年伏期和秋季、当年春季和春末夏初大气干旱指数与冬小麦和玉米气候产量进行了对比分析和相关分析。结果表明，冬小麦产量与上年秋旱关系最为密切，其次为春旱、春末夏初旱和上年伏旱；玉米产量与当年伏旱关系最为密切，其次为秋旱、春和春末夏初旱。     

不同pH和供Zn条件下HCO_3~-对冬小麦幼苗生长和锌营养的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了不同pH和供Zn条件下高浓度HCO3-(10 mmol L-1)对小麦幼苗生长,尤其是对锌营养的影响,结果表明:当营养液起始pH为6时,HCO3-在缺Zn时对小麦根系生长的抑制作用较为明显,而正常供Zn时的影响较小。当营养液起始pH为8时,不论缺Zn还是供Zn,添加HCO3-对根系和地上部均未表现出明显的抑制作用。HCO3-在酸性营养液中能极大促进小麦植株根系和地上部尤其是根系对Zn的吸收,而在碱性条件下则抑制小麦幼苗根系和地上部对Zn的吸收。此外,HCO3-能显著抑制Zn从根系向地上部分的转运,从而造成在根系中的大量积累。HCO3-加入营养液后会生成少量的CO32-,并使营养液pH维持在较高水平上。     

气候变化对河南省主要农作物生育期的影响

利用河南省7个农业气象观测站1981-2004年冬小麦、夏玉米的生育期观测资料和同期的气象资料,分析了这两种作物主要生育期的变化趋势及对气候变化的响应。结果表明:河南省冬小麦自返青到成熟的各生育期均表现出提前的趋势,其中以拔节期提前最明显;冬小麦全生育期缩短,存在1.3d/10a的总减少趋势;相关分析显示导致冬小麦生育期提前的主要原因是2-5月平均气温的上升和3月日照时数的增加。夏玉米所有生育期都表现出延迟的趋势,以成熟期延迟程度最大;夏玉米全生育期天数呈现出显著增加的趋势,增加速率为2.1d/10a;6-9月总降水量减少是造成夏玉米生育期延迟的主要原因。     

华北低山丘陵区冬小麦田土壤呼吸变化规律及其影响机制

利用2005年11月-2006年6月由Li-8100土壤呼吸自动观测系统及AR5土壤温度湿度自动观测系统观测数据,分析了华北低山丘陵区冬小麦田土壤呼吸变化规律及其影响机制。结果表明:(1)冬小麦返青前后的土壤呼吸速率(SRR)在晴或多云天气条件下都要高于阴天,SRR的日变化都表现为单峰变化趋势。(2)冬小麦生育期SRR的日际变化特征为:返青前SRR保持在较低水平,平均为0.63μmol.m-.2s-1;返青后SRR迅速增加,至抽穗期达到最大,此后保持稳定,平均为2.18μmol.m-.2s-1;收割后SRR降低。整个生育期SRR的平均值为1.28μmol.m-.2s-1。(3)冬小麦田浅层土壤温度(包括地表温度、地下5cm、10cm、15cm、20cm土壤温度,p<0.01)与SRR间都存在显著的指数关系,其中20cm土壤温度与SRR相关性最好,Q10值(5~20℃间气温每增加10℃呼吸增加的倍数)从表层至地下20cm依次为:2.09、2.29、2.39、2.51、2.63;土壤含水量过低对土壤呼吸有抑制,当土壤含水率在20%~30%时,SRR主要受土壤温度影响,与土壤含水量的关系不显著。     

Diesel and glyphosate price changes benefit the economics of conservation tillage versus traditional tillage

Recent increases in diesel price and decreases in glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] price should favor the profitability and farmer acceptance of herbicide-intensive conservation tillage systems versus fuel-intensive traditional tillage (TT) systems. Profitability results from a long-term field experiment that compared TT, minimum tillage (MT), and delayed minimum tillage (DMT) systems for winter wheat–(Triticum aestivum L.)summer fallow in eastern Washington, USA were calculated using both 1998 and 2005 input prices. Net returns for the MT and DMT systems increased by US$ 6.37 and 6.30 (rotational ha)⁻¹, respectively, and net returns to the TT system decreased by US$ 2.36 (rotational ha)⁻¹ when 2005 versus 1998 prices were used. Here, rotational ha equals 0.5 ha fallow and 0.5 ha wheat. Focusing on the dominant crop of soft white winter wheat (SWWW), the 2005 price hikes pushed diesel costs up for all systems, from US$ 6.81 (rotational ha)⁻¹ for DMT to US$ 9.00 (rotational ha)⁻¹ for TT. The cost of diesel for the conservation tillage systems, relative to the cost for TT, decreased by US$ 1.50–2.20 (rotational ha)⁻¹. The conservation tillage systems accrue greater savings from the price reduction in glyphosate because they consume more of this herbicide. An unanticipated result was that relative cost savings from price changes in N fertilizer rivaled those from diesel and glyphosate because anhydrous NH₃–N was exclusively used in the experiment for TT and aqueous NH₃–N for MT and DMT. The price of anhydrous NH₃–N increased from US$ 0.55 kg⁻¹ in 1998 to 0.85 kg⁻¹ in 2005, a 56% increase. Aqueous NH₃–N only increased from $0.75 kg⁻¹ in 1998 to 0.85 kg⁻¹ in 2005, a 15% increase. The greater price increase for anhydrous NH₃–N penalized the TT system because of its use of this fertilizer. If the same source of N fertilizer were used on all three tillage systems, this fertilizer cost effect would disappear. Nonetheless, the conservation tillage systems still retained a statistically significant profitability advantage over TT even if the same fertilizer was used throughout. The sharp price increase for diesel and the concurrent price decrease for glyphosate herbicide favored the conservation tillage systems over TT in this study. Results provide strong evidence for the superior profitability of conservation tillage winter wheat–summer fallow under current economic conditions.     

陇东黄土高原冬小麦生长势及生长状况评定体系的建立

以陇东黄土高原有代表性的董志塬上的冬小麦为研究对象,以叶面积与植株高度之积表示停止生长期、拔节期、乳熟期等几个关键发育期的生长势。以生长势为量化指标,建立了冬小麦生长状况评定体系,并通过分析发现,停止生长期生长势和气象要素相关不显著;拔节期生长势和返青期-拔节期降水量相关显著,并和该时段≥0℃积温、光照时数呈显著负相关;而乳熟期生长势则和拔节期-乳熟期光照时数相关性达到极显著程度。     

Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements

Although freeze-thaw cycles can alter soil physical properties and microbial activity, their overall impact on soil functioning remains unclear. This review addresses the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil physical properties, microorganisms, carbon and nutrient dynamics, trace gas losses and higher organisms associated with soil. I discuss how the controlled manipulation of freeze-thaw cycles has varied widely among studies and propose that, despite their value in demonstrating the mechanisms of freeze-thaw action in soils, many studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles have used cycle amplitudes, freezing rates and minimum temperatures that are not relevant to temperature changes across much of the soil profile in situ. The lack of coordination between the timing of soil collection and the season for which freeze-thaw cycles are being simulated is also discussed. Suggested improvements to future studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles include the maintenance of realistic temperature fluctuations across the soil profile, soil collection in the appropriate season and the inclusion of relevant surface factors such as plant litter in the fall or excess water in the spring. The implications of climate change for soil freeze-thaw cycles are addressed, along with the need to directly assess how changes in soil freeze-thaw cycle dynamics alter primary production.