性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验

性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验赵博光，杨秀莲，柯立明（南京林业大学南京２１００３７）关键词自传播技术，性信息素，核型多角体病毒，风洞，大袋蛾Ｉｇｎｏｆｆｏ将有目的地利用昆虫本身传播昆虫病原生物以控制害虫种群的方法，定义为自传播法或自传播技术［１］。...     

Relationship between effective solar radiation and sap flow process during an entire growing season in Western Mountains of Beijing

In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity (SFV) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation (ESR) and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe (TDP) system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5–3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied con-siderably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabu-laeformis were about 0–3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR (sunrise effect). Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized.     

冷态鼓泡流化床中木屑流化速度的研究

冷态条件下,在鼓泡流化床中采用木屑为原料,分布板在 2%～4% 不同开孔率的条件下,分别考察了原料粒径和床层高度对木屑流化速度的影响.得出结论:分布板压降和流速成二次函数关系;以木屑为原料,分布板开孔率和床层高度对临界液化速度的影响不大,粒径分布对临界流化速度随粒径的增大而增加.     

Salt distribution in response to optical stratification porosity and relative windspeed in a coastal forest in Niigata, Japan

Wind velocity, vertical stand structure and seasalt distribution were measured at various heights inside a plantation of coastal pine forest, with thinning and unthinning, to assess whether any relationships exist between the wind profile, stand structure and seasalt distribution in the coastal pine forest. The vertical stand structure, i.e., optical stratification porosity (OSP), which is defined as vertical distribution of the proportion of sky hemisphere not obscured by tree elements inside a forest stand, was determined for each height by computer analysis of digital images taken with a hemispherical lens. The distribution of OSP in the coastal forest follows the Lambert-Beer's law with absorbency coefficient (). The relative windspeed within canopy can be described using the exponential form with the attenuation coefficient (). The sea-salt was collected using salt gauze (a surgical dressing of loosely woven cotton) both inside and outside the coastal forest, and the distribution of sea-salt within canopy was also in accordance with an exponential function. The relationships among windspeed, OSP and sea-salt indicate that the distributions of both sea-salt and windspeed within canopy were very closely correlated with the distribution of OSP. A linear relationship between OSP and sea-salt has been found. Additionally, linear regression between coefficients and has been obtained as well. Based on these relationships between OSP, wind and sea-salt in the coastal forest, the sea-salt distribution and wind profile within the canopy of the coastal forest can be predicted according to OSP. These results may therefore be useful in analyzing the effects of sea-salt on vegetation and evaluating the filter functions of coastal forests.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杨农间作对农田生态环境的改善

本文根据５ａ（１９９３～１９９７年）人工和自动气象仪器的观测资料,对不同模式杨农间作田中的温、湿、风和蒸发等小气候因子的时空分布及其效应进行了较为详尽的分析。结果表明：杨农间作的防风效能为４５％～８７％,平均５７％;可降低日最高气温０３℃～３４℃,平均降低１３℃;降低地面日最高温度６０℃,最高可达１９５℃;提高日平均绝对湿度０９ｈＰａ～２４ｈＰａ,平均１４ｈＰａ;提高日平均相对湿度１％～１３％,平均５％;减少水分蒸发１７％～３６％,平均２５％;在干热风日可使相对湿度＜３０％的持续时间减少４５ｈ。因此,杨农间作具有明显的防风、降温、增湿和减少蒸发的作用,这对改善田间小气候和农业生态环境,促进农业的高产、稳产具有重要意义。     

基于树干液流通量的沙地樟子松合理林分密度的确定

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)对辽宁省章古台樟子松人工固沙林生长季期间树干液流速率进行了连续5年的测定,结合同步观测的降水、林冠截留量、林内蒸发散量和土壤水分含量,利用水量平衡的方法,推算了现阶段樟子松应有的合理密度。结果表明:4月上中旬沙地樟子松液流启动,10月中下旬液流基本结束,生长季(4-10月)各月平均液流速率分别为2.58、4.78、5.19、5.01、4.84、4.30、1.93 cm·h^-1,以6月份的最高,其次依次为7、8、5、9月份,4、10两月平均液流速率较低。通过推算,径阶14、16、18、20 cm的樟子松纯林的合理密度分别应为688、531、422、344株·hm^-2,现有同径阶的林分普遍存在密度过大的问题。研究结果对于现有林分的科学经营具有重要的指导意义。     

林带阻力与透风系数关系的试验研究

利用多年的疏透度、透风系数的野外观测和风洞试验资料,给出了立体结构林带和平面结构模型林带疏透度和透风系数的关系式分别为α=β~(0.4)及α=β~(0.95)。利用台式天平测定了7种风洞模型林带的阻力,以透风系数表示林带结构,阻力为C_α=16.3(1-α)~(0.55),以疏透度表示林带结构,阻力系数为C_β=14.0。     

Effect of density of trees on drag exerted on trees in river channels

Recently, riparian forests have attracted attention as they are effective for ecological preservation and landscape enhancement. Uses of such forests in flood prevention, sediment control, and erosion control works have been actively promoted. This study aims to clarify the effect of density of riparian trees on drag exerted on trees along river channels under the regime of bed load transport. Hydraulic model experiments were performed using a straight channel, and the methods to calculate the drag coefficient necessary for deriving drag exerted on trees were studied. Previous studies have stated that the drag coefficient of a cylinder is fairly constant when Reynolds number,R _e, is between 10³ and 10⁵ (e.g., Schlichting, 1979). This study clarified, however, that in cases of relatively dense arrangements of model trees (cylinders), the drag coefficient varies greatly with the density of the trees. As such, correlation between the drag coefficient and Reynolds number was found to be slight. Test results indicated that the drag coefficient of trees,C _d, correlates strongly with the coefficient of velocity,U′/U _* ′, friction factor of the channel bed,f′, and roughness concentration of trees × flow depth,aH′ or ratio of the area occupied by trees,λ. Furthermore, the drag coefficient,C _d, was also found to be slightly correlated with the gradient of the channel bed,I. Equations using either of the following parameters were obtained for deriving the drag coefficient,C _d, based on the experiment results:aH′; λ; U′/U _* ′; and Froude numberF _r. These equations allow fairly accurate calculation of drag exerted on trees.     

肇松松花江特大桥高程监控中温度影响的探讨

在悬臂浇筑法施工中，如何控制主梁的标高及其变化，是施工监控所要解决的首要问题之一。而影响悬臂浇筑法施工的因素众多，有梁体自重、张拉力、混凝土的收缩、徐变、活载和温度变化引起标高变化。在肇松松花江特大桥施工控制实践中，温度变化引起悬臂箱梁标高不断发生变化，主要是竖向温度场的变化引起各悬浇块标高的变化，即由日照温度变化引起的变形。此项变形值在施工高程控制中以实测的温度变形速度计入。     

风洞6_PUS并联支撑机器人运动误差建模与补偿

针对风洞6自由度并联支撑机器人,利用单支链D-H参数方法和摄动法建立了其运动误差模型,编写了误差模型仿真程序。根据风洞实验所需的6种典型运动模式,分析了不同模式下并联支撑机器人输出运动位姿的误差,得到了典型运动模式的误差变化规律。在风洞并联支撑机器人的构件设计和装配过程进行了针对性的误差控制,使设计和制造的并联支撑机器人精度达到了风洞实验的要求,并通过在风洞实验中嵌入与运动误差仿真类似的误差估算程序,再对风洞实验中被试模型的位姿误差进行补偿,实验证明这种方法提高了风洞实验数据的精度。