小麦秸秆压缩弯曲特性试验研究

为给秸秆圆捆打捆装置和其它打捆机构提供相应的力学参数和理论基础,根据麦茎秆的几何尺寸,并利用万能试验机控制夹具加载速度对不同含水率的麦秸秆进行弯曲、轴向压缩和径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。利用Origin将数据直观地反映出来,再用MatLab对试验数据进行拟合,得出拟合方程。试验结果表明:麦秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;含水率和夹具加载速度在一定范围内时,无论是在麦秸秆的弯曲试验还是压缩试验中,载荷峰值的大小与加载速度和含水率都有关,因此在设计打捆压缩成型机构时需考虑含水率与其关键机构工作转速对打捆装置的影响。     

Response of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to partial rootzone drying in the field: Water relations, growth, yield and fruit and wine quality

This paper reports the effects of irrigation amount and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on water relations, growth, yield and wine quality of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Tempranillo’ during two consecutive years in a commercial vineyard with a deep, light-clay soil located in Requena, Valencia, Spain. Partial rootzone drying applied at two amounts (100% and 50% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration), was compared to conventional drip irrigation, and also to rainfed vines. Results showed that the effects of irrigation amount on yield and wine quality were different between years. In 2003 with low yield values (around 6.3 t ha⁻¹) irrigation did neither affect grape production nor wine quality. However, in the following year, with much higher general yield (17 t ha⁻¹), the high irrigation dose increased yield by 30% compared to rainfed vines and it also increased must total soluble solids and wine alcohol content. In both seasons, PRD did not significantly affect physiological parameters, nor growth, yield or fruit and wine quality, when compared to the same amount of water applied by conventional drip irrigation. Overall these results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, it was the irrigation amount rather than the system of application what affected vine performance, indicating the difficulties of successfully employing the PRD type of irrigation with a drip system in heavy and deep soils.     

负载敏感技术在甘蔗联合收割机上的应用

甘蔗联合收割机由于执行元件的复杂性及液压系统负载的多变性,在作业过程中造成了大量的液压能损失现象.为改善收割机的节能性,在对负载敏感系统的工作原理进行分析的基础上首次提出了将负载敏感技术应用于甘蔗联合收割机的节能观点,并为其负载敏感系统匹配了相关参数.基于AMESim平台的静、动态仿真结果表明,在系统压力达到调压阀设定压力之前,系统的流量仅取决于流量阀的开口而与负载无关,负载敏感阀将根据流量阀的开口自动调节变量泵的排量.在系统压力达到调压阀设定压力之后,系统压力仅取决于调压阀的设定值,而与负载无关,此时负载敏感阀将自动调节变量泵的排量使其恰好与负载的需要相适应,控制过程的压力损失小于1 MPa,从而大大减小了甘蔗联合收割机的液压能损失.     

农村电力负荷管理系统的研究与开发

随着我国农村经济的发展,造成了农村地区电力的持续紧缺,给农业生产带来了不利影响,要求电力部门加强对农村电力负荷的管理,以确保农业生产的电力需求.为此,介绍了一种集多种功能于一体的农村电力负荷管理系统,阐述了该系统的主要功能、终端的硬件设计和主控站软件的设计.本系统支持230M无线专网和GPRS/CDMA无线公网两种通讯方式.     

Analysis of mesh breaking loads in cotton gill nets: Possible solution to ghost fishing

ABSTRACT:   A small number of fishers in Chiba Prefecture of eastern Japan use cotton gill nets to catch Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus. To examine the advantages of cotton gill nets, we analyzed changes in mesh breaking load of a new cotton gill net used in a fishing operation. A new cotton gill net was also soaked in a seawater tank to simulate ghost fishing conditions. The average mesh breaking load of new cotton mesh was 50.3 N. This value decreased to 19.0 N after 38 days (∼912 h), and after 82 days (∼1968 h) the mesh could be easily torn (breaking load 0.07 N). Under fishing conditions, the cumulative soak time was only 744.4 h over 19 months. The average breaking load at the end of this period was 43.1 N, a strength 86% that of the presoaked mesh. The mesh breaking load of a cotton gill net continuously soaked for 744.4 h was 26.1 N, as estimated from tank experiment data. Thus, a cotton gill net maintains reasonable strength under typical use conditions, but will degrade if lost at sea.     

基于滤食鱼类天然产力的安康库区生态负荷量测定

为厘清汉江水体鱼类集约养殖与生态负荷量的关系,测定安康库区滤食性鱼类天然鱼产力,测算Ⅱ类水质限定条件下的安康库区生态负荷量,并与以水体磷含量为标准的计算结果比较。结果表明,设定网箱深度3 m,单位水体生态负荷量为193.44 g/m³,总产量控制为10.47×10⁴ t。库区网养单产为100 kg/m³时,网箱养殖面积控制为1.93‰,网箱生态养殖面积与单位面积产量呈反比。     

TOPSIS法综合评价宁夏中部干旱带五种风蚀环境抗风蚀性能

针对宁夏中部干旱带土壤风蚀严重、沙尘暴频发等生态问题,分别选择典型压砂农田、沙质旱作传统翻耕农田、人工灌木林地、封育草场和流动沙地5种风蚀环境为研究对象,利用TOPSIS法综合评价不同风蚀环境抗风蚀性能。结果表明:灌木林地的抗风蚀性能最强,其Ci值为0.674257,其次为压砂农田、封育草场;抗风蚀性能最弱的是翻耕农田、流动沙地,Ci值分别为0.087007和0.003552。可见翻耕农田和流动沙地是当地主要沙尘来源。     

国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法研究

空间尺度上,种植业面源污染负荷估算可用分为田块尺度、流域尺度和区域尺度。国家尺度属于区域尺度范畴,是掌握整个国家种植业源污染负荷概况、检验种植业面源污染防治措施成效、预测面源污染发展趋势的重要尺度。本文综述了国家尺度上种植业面源污染负荷估算的研究方法,主要包括输出系数法、改进输出系数法、多元回归法、贝叶斯递归回归树模型、过程模型模拟法等,并利用以上方法对我国种植业面源污染负荷进行估算。其中氮素径流损失估算结果在0.30～2.40 Tg之间,氮素淋洗损失为0.36～2.03 Tg,磷素径流损失为3.5～6.37 Mg。指出了我国国家尺度种植业面源污染流失量估算方法存在以下主要问题:源头排放未区分背景排放和肥料排放,也未考虑南方一年多熟制排放差异,过程削减未充分考虑沿程消纳。为此,提出我国国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法应进一步明细各土地利用输出系数、区分背景排放和肥料排放,考虑我国熟制的区域差异、考虑田块到流域出口的沿程削减。     

基于地表水目标水质的畜禽粪便水环境承载力估算

针对南方水网地区畜禽养殖业发展受限问题,以浙江省江山港流域为研究对象,实地调研核定流域水污染物来源途径与入河污染负荷量;基于QUAL2K模型,建立地表水水质响应模型,评估江山港流域在达到目标水质时的畜禽粪便水环境承载力;运用情景分析法探究畜禽养殖与地表水水质响应关系。结果表明：1)2020年江山港流域入河负荷量为190.564 t（以氨氮计）,土壤流失、污水处理厂、化肥施用、有机肥施用和水产养殖分别占总负荷的70.0%、14.8%、11.0%、2.8%和1.4%。2）当水质目标设定为达到Ⅰ类和优于Ⅱ类时,江山港流域能承载畜禽最大养殖量分别为133.5万和1 622.1万头猪当量,当前养殖规模未超载。3）江山港流域地表水水质对畜禽养殖量的响应关系弱,畜禽养殖不是流域水环境保护的制约因素。建议江山港流域加强生态沟渠的建设与管理,协同实现畜禽养殖业发展与水环境保护。     

基于无线传感器网络的温湿度监测系统设计与实现

给出了以CC2430芯片为核心的环境监测无线传感器网络实现方案.设计中充分考虑到节点的剩余能量、链路质量和节点负载等因素,提出了一种能耗均衡树算法,使网络节点的负载逐渐趋于均衡,解决了因负载分配不均衡,使得网络节点出现过早失效、缩短网络寿命问题.实验表明,算法可均衡节点负载,延长网络的生存时间,实现网络的长效运行.