Soil factors influencing fruit quality and mineral composition of leaves of valencia orange trees

Abstract

In a fertilizer trial in a Valencia orange orchard, two soil types were distinguished: a poorly aerated loamy sand (A) and sandy clay loam (B). Mineral composition of leaves and fruit quality characteristics differed significantly in the two soil types, regardless of the fertilizer treatments. Fruits on the sandy clay loam were larger, had a thicker peel, and contained more total acids and vitamin C in the juice, and were less affected by a peel disorder (creasing). The leaves of such trees contained more K and Mg and less Ca and P.     

联合Terra/Aqua MODIS多角度多光谱数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数

Terra与Aqua双星搭载的MODIS传感器可实现每日上下午分别对同一地点观测一次,并且由于卫星轨道漂移形成累积连续多天的多角度观测特点,加上多通道的光谱响应,极大地丰富了地表目标的观测信息,为LAI等地表参数的实时准确反演提供了可能。该文利用MODIS双星高质量的连续多天的多波段地表反射率数据,结合PROSAIL(PROSPECT+SAIL,properties spectra+scattering by arbitrarily inclined leaves)模型和查找表方法反演冬小麦LAI,并与MODIS LAI产品及野外采样点实测LAI对比,结果表明,联合双星高质量的多角度多波段数据能够较准确反演冬小麦LAI,其反演结果无论从空间分布还是时序变化特征来讲,较MODIS LAI产品更符合实际情况,也更接近地面实测值。该文的研究为充分利用MODIS数据的角度和光谱信息反演小麦等农作物的LAI提供了一定的借鉴。     

Two β-amylase genes,OsBAM2 and OsBAM3, are involved in starch remobilization in rice leaf sheaths

To identify mechanisms of starch degradation in rice leaf sheaths at the post-heading stage, we investigated the function of OsBAM2 and OsBAM3, which encode plastid-targeted active β-amylase isoforms, in starch remobilization in leaf sheaths. The starch content in the second leaf sheaths below the flag leaf (the third leaf sheaths) peaked at the flag leaf emergence stage and gradually decreased until 15 days after heading. The mRNA levels of OsBAM2 and OsBAM3 in the third leaf sheaths increased from the flag leaf emergence stage to the heading stage when the starch content began to decrease. However, these mRNA levels did not always remain high during post-heading. Overexpression of OsBAM2 or OsBAM3 markedly repressed starch accumulation in the third leaf sheaths, showing that OsBAM2 and OsBAM3 function in starch degradation in rice leaf sheaths. In contrast, no significant differences in starch content in the third leaf sheaths were detected between knockdown plants of OsBAM2 or OsBAM3 and non-transgenic wild-type plants. Our results suggest that reduced expression of the individual genes, OsBAM2 or OsBAM3, does not result in excess accumulation of starch in the leaf sheaths, probably because of the complementary function of another gene or the action of other genes encoding starch-degrading .     

Effects of organic fertilizers on yam productivity and some soil properties of a nutrient-depleted tropical Alfisol

Field experiments were conducted at Owo, southwest Nigeria to select organic fertilizer treatments most suitable for sustaining high soil fertility and yam productivity on a nutrient-depleted tropical Alfisol. Eight organic fertilizer treatments were applied at 20 t ha^?1 with a reference treatment inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15–15–15) at 400 kg ha^?1 and natural soil fertility (control), laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that organic fertilizers significantly increased (p = 0.05) tuber weight and growth of yam, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg, soil pH and organic C concentrations compared with the NSF (control). The oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased tuber weight, vine length, number of leaves and leaf area of yam by 66, 25, 21 and 52%, respectively, compared with inorganic fertilizer (NPK) and 37, 22, 19 and 44%, respectively, compared with poultry manure alone. Sole or mixed forms of organic fertilizers showed significant improvement in soil physical conditions compared with IF (NPK) and NSF (control). Synergistic use of oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure at 10 t ha^?1 each was most effective for sustainable management of soils and for improving agronomic productivity of yam.     

基于Kinect V3的单株作物自动化三维重建与验证

为高效、精确地对单株作物进行三维重建,以点云方式无损测量作物表型信息,该研究提出一种基于Kinect V3深度相机的三维重建系统。使用步进电机搭建了一个旋转台,并将旋转台面设计成多颜色同心圆,利用同心圆计算平面法向量及圆心两特征信息,用于点云水平校准以及获取点云间的旋转平移矩阵;将Kinect V3采集的多视角点云变换到同一坐标系下,并结合裁剪迭代最近点（Trimmed Iterative Closest Point,TrICP）算法实现了多视角点云的粗配准与精配准,完成了作物三维重建。为检验该研究的三维重建效果,选取菜心、黄瓜苗为试验对象,与多视图立体视觉-运动恢复结构（Multi-View Stereo and Structure From Motion,MVS-SFM）算法重建点云进行对比,并提取叶面积参数与人工测量值进行比较。结果表明,两种方法下重建后的菜心点云间平均距离误差为0.59 cm,黄瓜苗点云间平均距离误差为0.67 cm,具有较高的相似度,而相较于MVS-SFM算法,该研究提出的方法的重建速度提高了约90%;该研究提出的方法所重建点云,菜心叶面积提取与标准参考值相对误差均值为5.88%,均方根误差为3.83 cm2,黄瓜苗叶面积提取与标准参考值相对误差均值别为6.50%,均方根误差为2.08 cm2,都显现出较高的准确性。该研究提出的方法能对单株作物进行快速三维重建,能有效提取叶面积参数,可为作物育种、栽培和农业生产提供高效技术手段和数据支持。     

直立型扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫和复水的响应及适应策略

以直立型扁蓿豆[Medicago ruthenica（L.）Sojak.cv.Zhilixing]为材料,于苗期连续干旱处理12 d后复水4 d,研究直立型扁蓿豆幼苗形态结构特征、生理代谢及生物量分配对干旱胁迫及复水的响应,揭示直立型扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫及复水的适应策略。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫时间延长,直立型扁蓿豆叶片气孔开放率逐渐降低,处理9 d后气孔及表皮细胞密度比正常浇水处理（CK）分别增加48.5%和36.6%,形成小而密的表皮细胞和气孔。生理上,除MDA含量随胁迫时间的延长逐渐增加外,其余指标均先升高后降低,干旱胁迫9 d时达最高,SOD、POD、叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸分别较CK提高88.9%、111.2%、86.7%、140.5%、147.8%和124.6%。同时,生物量随胁迫时间的延长先增大后减小,于干旱胁迫9 d达最大值,比CK增加16.4%,总的分配格局表现出地上生物量投资高于地下,地下生物量投资比例随胁迫时间的延长逐渐增加,而地上生物量变化与其相反。复水后各指标均能恢复至CK水平或超过CK,表现出极强的复水敏感性和潜在恢复能力。该品种扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫及复水的适应主要分为3个时期：主动适应期,其生理参数的可塑性指数为形态参数的1.33倍,主要通过抗氧化及渗透调节来减少水分散失增加水分吸收、缓解氧化伤害以适应干旱逆境;被动适应期,其形态参数的可塑性指数为生理参数的1.31倍,主要采用牺牲生物量的生存策略以及降低色素含量减少光吸收的光保护机制来提高逆境下的生存能力;复水恢复期,根冠比、气孔开放率、气孔及表皮细胞密度比CK分别增加25.9%、29.7%、24.2%和16.3%,其较高的根冠比和叶片较高的气孔开放率及小而密的气孔及表皮细胞特征,保证了直立型扁蓿豆吸水能力以及水分运输效率的迅速恢复。综上,直立型扁蓿豆抗旱能力较强,能够通过形态生理的改变以及调整不同器官的生物量分配来应对与适应干旱逆境及复水,且在不同处理阶段采取不同的适应策略以达到生存目的。     

Suitability of plant physiological methods to estimate the transpiration of agricultural crops

Transpiration is the main part of the water balance in the system soil-plant during the vegetation period. Its determination or calculation is essential for modeling of soil moisture content or solute transport. Transpiration is difficult to quantify because it is influenced by the atmosphere, the soil, and the plants. This paper describes the potential and limitations of plant physiological methods (sap flow, gas exchange, leaf water potential) to estimate the transpiration. A weighable lysimeter was used as reference method. Results are shown for corn [Zea mays L.] and rape [Brassica napus L.]) for the years 1998 and 1999. At days without rain the diurnal transpiration rates, determined by the plant physiological methods and by the lysimeter differ by less than 12%. The results demonstrate that the plant physiological methods applied are important for an understanding of the complex transpiration process. Limitations lie in the difficulties in up-scaling, and the impossibility of measurements of the absolute actual transpiration rates of agricultural crops for longer periods like months or years.     

水肥耦合对春小麦有效叶面积及产量的影响

在自然、适宜、充足3种土壤水分和无肥、中肥、高肥3种施肥水平耦合作用条件下,研究水肥对春小麦拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期有效叶面积和产量的影响。结果表明,春小麦有效叶面积与施肥水平呈正相关,产量以适宜水分高肥耦合最高,为3713kg／hm2。     

陆地棉功能叶不同生育时期酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的研究

对不同熟性棉花品种功能叶几种酶活性及脂质过氧化水平（以丙二醛含量表示）的研究结果表明，超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性在吐絮前呈波动上升，吐絮盛期争剧下降；丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量吐絮前缓慢上升，吐絮后明显增加；过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性在结铃以前随叶片发育而上升，结铃后急剧下降；过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性始终呈上升趋势。进一步对ＰＯＤ同工酶进行电泳发现，其酶谱构成随生育进程而变化，早熟品种在开花期酶带条数最多