基于热重法的植物油氧化动力学-甘油三酯相关性研究

通过热重(TG)及微商热重(DTG)法研究了6种常见植物油的热氧化特性,分析了不同温控程序对质量变化曲线的影响,通过微商热重曲线确定了不同升温速率下的氧化起始温度(T_(on))和氧化峰值温度(T_p),结合OzawaFlynn-Wall等转化率法对油脂的氧化动力学特性进行推导,并对油脂热氧化特性与其甘油三酯组成与分布的相关性进行了分析。研究结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,T_(on)和T_p均随之升高且T_p变化更为敏感;植物油的热力学特性与其甘三酯组成间具有不同程度的相关性,其中,T_(on)及T_(on)处活化能与高饱和度甘三酯呈正相关而与高不饱和度甘三酯呈负相关,T_p及T_p处活化能与各组分间具有相似的关系但相关性略有减弱,具体相关性与甘油骨架上脂肪酸链的种类有关。热重分析法所需样品微量、操作快捷、灵敏度高,在油脂加工及质量检测领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

光束阻断式小粒蔬菜种子漏充与堵孔同步检测系统研究

针对气力式排种器直播小粒蔬菜种子时易产生漏充与堵孔的问题,设计了一种光束阻断式小粒蔬菜种子漏充与堵孔同步检测系统。该检测系统调用ARM嵌入式系统的中断资源,采用旋转编码器实时测定排种盘转速,实时调整时间窗口与理论脉冲频率;在时间窗口内采集对射型激光传感器的输出脉冲,计算实际脉冲频率;通过对理论脉冲频率和实际脉冲频率实施运算,同步测定漏充率与吸孔堵塞率,并在触摸屏上显示。选用雪白玉萝卜、中双11号油菜和上海青3种蔬菜种子为研究对象,以排种盘转速和吸室真空度为试验因素,以漏充率和吸孔堵塞率为试验指标,在气力式精量排种器上进行该系统与高速摄像同步检测试验验证。试验结果表明,该系统可根据排种盘转速变化自行调整时间窗口,对漏充判断相对偏差不大于1.67%,对吸孔堵塞判断相对偏差不大于0.95%。该方法能够有效实现小粒蔬菜种子漏充与堵孔的实时同步检测,为解析排种器漏播成因与排种器改进设计提供依据。     

Moisture conservation for rainfed wheat production with alternative mulches and conservation tillage in the hills of north-west India

In the hills of north–west India, maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the dominant cropping system. However, rainfed wheat suffers from lack of optimum moisture at sowing. Field experiments were conducted for 3 years on a silty clay loam (Typic Hapludalf) to evaluate the effectiveness of mulches and conservation tillage for rainfed wheat in mitigating this problem. The treatments were ten factorial combinations of five mulch-tillage practices and two nitrogen levels (N₆₀ and N₁₂₀ kg ha⁻¹). Mulch treatments consisted of application of 10 Mg ha⁻¹ (dry weight basis), to previous standing maize, of either wild sage (Lantana camara L.) or eupatorium (Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel) in combination with either conventional or conservation (minium) tillage prior to wheat sowing. These alternative practices were compared to the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after harvest of maize with no mulch. The application of these weed mulches to standing maize maintained friable soil structure owing to a five fold higher mean population of earthworms underneath mulch. Mulches resulted in 0.06–0.10 m³ m⁻³ higher moisture in the seed-zone when wheat was sown compared with the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after maize harvest. Mulch-conservation tillage treatments favourably moderated the hydro-thermal regime for growing a wheat crop. The mean root mass density under these treatments at wheat flowering was higher by 1.27–1.40 times over the conventional farmer practice during the 3 year study. Conservation tillage holds promise because it does not require elaborate tillage and may ultimately reduce animal draught in the hilly regions. Recycling available organic materials having no fodder value coupled with conservation tillage may help enrich the soil environment in the long-term. The practice also offers gainful use of these obnoxious weeds that cause great menace in grass and forest lands in the region.     

南宁市郊区土壤中汞污染状况调查

分析了来自南宁郊区５个不同地点的土壤汞污染状况。结果表明,这５个不同地点的土壤中的汞含量明显高于全国平均水平。其中汞含量最高的是安吉地区,达到１．６４７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。同时还对种植在这些土壤中的蔬菜的汞含量进行了调查。结果表明,这些地区的蔬菜的汞含量明显偏高。研究结果也说明,蔬菜中汞的含量与土壤中的汞污染程度有明显的相关性。     

塑料大棚蔬菜膜下滴灌技术试验研究

塑料大棚蔬菜膜下滴灌技术是一种节水高产的先进灌水技术。它集水利、农业、生物、物理、化学等多学科于一体,实现塑料大棚蔬菜生产优质高产高效。本文论述了膜下滴灌的灌水量、湿度、地温、气温及抗病虫害等技术要素,并相应地与沟畦灌、无膜滴灌作了对比试验。膜下滴灌较传统沟畦灌、无膜滴灌,节水３０．５％、１０．９％,增产３０．１％、５．９３％。     

南宁市十字花科蔬菜害虫天敌群落结构分析

南宁市十字花科蔬菜害虫天敌群落物种有70种(类)，隶属7目26科。主要有青翅隐翅虫(Paederus fuseipes)，长足虻(Dolichopodidae)、小菜蛾绒茧蜂(Cotesta plutellae)、八斑鞘蛛(Coleoserma octumaculalum)、食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)、浅斑近微蛛(Eperigone fredeorum)和肖蛸(Tetragnatha)。蜘蛛的种类和数量皆为无公害和常规栽培两类菜地天敌之最。群落的多样性和均匀度偏低，优势种突出。文中揭示了两类菜地天敌群落的相似性及其结构特点和时间动态。认为占两类菜地节肢动物群落物种的53．44％和占个体数量的24．96％的菜地害虫天敌资源，是值得进一步研究和保护利用的自然生物控制因素。     

Selecting in situ conservation sites for grape genetic resources in the USA

Previously, there has not been any in situ conservation sites for crop germplasm within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Using morphologic and molecular (SSR markers) techniques, we assessed the genetic variation present in populations of rock grape (Vitis rupestris Scheele), a native American grape species, throughout its range. We identified seven in situ conservation sites for rock grape using a strategy based on morphologic and molecular data, taxonomic information, population size and integrity, and landholder commitment. In collaboration with federal and state landholding agencies, we have established the first NPGS in situ conservation sites for American wild relatives of a crop.     

冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分变化特点

对冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分现状及变化趋势进行了研究，结果表明，保护地耕层土壤有机质、土壤速效N、速效P和速效K比相邻露地栽培分别平均增加146．64％、51．68％、567．17％和110．41％；比1981年土壤分别增加143．23％、97．97％、2311．00％和98.8％。随栽培年限的增加，耕层土壤速效N、速效P和速效K有积累的趋势，土壤养分主要积累在0～20cm土层，随着土层加深土壤养分积累程度降低，其中以日光温室栽培的土壤养分积累高于塑料大棚。     

种植年限对蔬菜大棚土壤肥力的影响

选取不同种植年限蔬菜大棚、露天菜地和一般农田，测定了土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效P、速效K和阳离子代换量等主要养分。结果表明：大棚土壤pH值小于露天菜地、小于农田土壤，随种植年限的延长土壤逐渐酸化。3年以后大棚菜地土壤已明显出现N、P严重富集，K含量降低，不同种植年限大棚土壤阳离子代换量随种植时间延长而下降。7年以后的大棚已大部分出现肥力障碍。     

ATP发光技术测定辐照前脱水蔬菜和调味品的含菌量

用ATP发光技术测定脱水蔬菜和调味品的初始含菌量,发现脱水蔬菜和调味品中细菌ATP的生物发光强度与其初始含菌量之间显著相关,从样品的制备到获得ATP发光强度结果的检测过程仅需1～2h。该技术可用于辐照灭菌前的微生物检测。