野生稻种质在水稻抗病育种上的研究及应用进展

野生稻是一个重要的基因资源库,包含了水稻各种病害的抗性基因。本文综述了野生稻丰富的抗性资源及其基因的挖掘,以及在水稻育种上的利用研究进展,并对目前存在的突出问题,提出了野生稻种质资源抗病育种的发展建议。     

Pre-breeding for resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive: Fishing in the wild relative gene pool

This study aimed to identify new sources of resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive. We evaluated various types of genotypes: wild olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris), genotypes belonging to related subspecie (Olea europaea subsp. guanchica) and genotypes coming from crosses between Picual cultivar and wild olive trees. Fifty-six genotypes were inoculated by dipping roots and then screened under controlled conditions to test their resistance to a highly virulent Defoliating isolate of Verticillium dahliae. Picual (susceptible) and Frantoio (resistant) were control cultivars. Wide variability and significant differences were obtained in the evaluated disease parameters. The Relative Susceptibility Index (RSI), summarizing the disease parameters, was used for final classification of genotypes. Thirteen genotypes were categorized as resistant: eight wild olives from different locations, two genotypes belonging to subsp. guanchica populations from Canary Islands and three genotypes obtained from one of the crosses Picual x wild. The identification of high levels of resistance to V. dahliae among wild olive genotypes may be helpful for the management of this disease. The resistant genotypes could be used as rootstocks for susceptible olive cultivars or parents in future breeding programs.     

First serological evidence of West Nile virus infection in wild birds in Northern Algeria

While the epidemiology of Flaviviruses has been extensively studied in most of the Mediterranean basin, little is known about the current situation in Algeria. In order to detect the circulation of West Nile (WNV) and Usutu viruses (USUV) in Kabylia, 165 sera were collected from two wild birds species, namely the long distance migrant Turdus philomelos (song thrush) (n = 92) and the resident Passer domesticus (house sparrow) (n = 73). A total of 154 sera were first analyzed by commercial competition ELISA. WNV and USUV micro-neutralization tests were performed on all c-ELISA positive sera and all samples with poor volume. Overall, 7.8 % (CI95 %: 3.5–11.9) were positive by c-ELISA. Positive results were detected in 12.5 % (CI95 %:5.6–19.4) of song thrushes and 1.5 % (CI95 %: 0.0–4.5) for sparrow.Micro-neutralization tests revealed an overall seroprevalence of 6.7 % for WNV (CI95 %: 2.9–10.3), Neutralizing antibodies were found in 8.7 % (CI95 %: 3.0–14.4) for song thrushes and in 4.1 % (CI95 %: 0.0–8.7) of sparrows. The current study demonstrates significant seroprevalence of WNV antibodies in wild birds in Algeria.     

南平市海鲜菇工厂化栽培模式

鉴于南平市丰富的自然气候资源和农业资源条件,海鲜菇工厂化栽培模式得到快速发展并取得显著效益。该文总结出一套高产、优质、高效的工厂化栽培技术模式。     

青贮蘑菇渣的营养品质及体外发酵特性评价

本文旨在评估蘑菇渣青贮料的营养品质、发酵特性及其与常规饲料原料的体外降解差异性。试验将收集的蘑菇渣作为原料,与米糠、糖蜜、垫料和菌种混合后青贮4周。分别在青贮0、7、14和28d时收集样品,用于评估营养品质、体外发酵特性,同时对比青贮蘑菇渣饲料与水稻秸秆和大麦秸秆的体外降解特性。结果:随着蘑菇渣青贮时间的升高,干物质含量显著降低(P<0.05),同时青贮7d后有机物含量也显著降低(P<0.05)。蘑菇渣青贮后,粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量显著升高(P<0.05)。青贮7d后,粗灰分含量显著升高(P<0.05),而青贮7和28d后酸性洗涤纤维含量显著高于青贮0和14d(P<0.05)。蘑菇渣青贮7d后,pH显著升高(P<0.05),随后又显著降低(P<0.05),同时乙酸和丙酸含量显著降低,随后又升高(P<0.05)。蘑菇渣青贮后,乳酸和氨氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),而水溶性碳水化物浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。青贮蘑菇渣的干物质组分中,水溶降解部分显著高于水稻秸秆和大麦秸秆(P<0.05),但不溶降解部分显著降低(P<0.05)且非降解部分显著低于水稻秸秆(P<0.05)。针对蛋白组分,青贮蘑菇渣水溶降解部分也显著高于其他两种原料(P<0.05),但不溶降解和非降解部分显著降低(P<0.05)。蘑菇渣青贮料中性洗涤纤维可消化部分显著低于水稻和大麦秸秆(P<0.05),不可消化部分则显著提高(P<0.05)。结论:以蘑菇渣为基础的青贮料发酵良好,可保存至第4周。以蘑菇渣为基础的青贮料干物质和粗蛋白质降解率远高于水稻、大麦和黑秸秆,中性洗涤纤维的降解率则相反。     

曲靖主要野生食用菌的分布

跟据曲靖的生态环境状况及主要野生食用菌的品质与功效，对曲靖主要野生食用菌的分布、产量、价值以及生长环境特点、产地的生态环境进行调查阐述，提出曲靖主要野生食用菌生态系统与生态环境的保护措施。     

节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种核型分析

节节麦(Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14)与通北野燕麦(Avena fatua L.2n=6x=42)杂交,F_1自然加倍成8倍体,8倍体播成的F_2代,遗传性基本一致,PMC镜检表明,染色体数为2n=28Ⅱ。用F_2所结的种子进行根尖细胞核型分析,结果发现8倍体中包含有全套的节节麦和野燕麦的染色体。节节麦中有1对随体染色体.2对近中部着丝点染色体,4对中部着丝点染色体。野燕麦有3对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体,8对近中部着丝点染色体,5对中部着丝点染色体。而节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种,有4对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体.10对近中部着丝点染色体,9对中部着丝点染色体。核型分析结果表明,节节麦与野燕麦杂交合成的8倍体,是节节麦与野燕麦的双二倍体。     

云南不同生态区域15单株罗望子果实性状比较研究初探

以云南5个生态区域采集的15株罗望子的果实为材料,对果实的16个性状进行分析研究,探讨罗望子果实品质进而筛选优良种质。结果表明：15株罗望子果实性状中,除了果实弯系数差异不显著,其余的果实性状指标差异都极显著。YM3的单果重（14.04g）、果肉重（6.63g）、种子重（4.79g）、种子数（10）最大,可以作为优良单株进行保存、繁殖后代。罗望子果实各个指标之间存在着显著或极显著的正相关或负相关性。     

基于高通量测序技术分析2种菌草根际土壤真菌群落多样性

为了解福州菌草基地巨菌草和绿洲一号2种菌草的根际土壤真菌群落多样性,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术和生物信息学方法,对菌草根际土真菌的多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明：从3份土壤样本中获得525 292条ITS序列,在97%序列相似性基础上可划分为7267个可操作分类单元（OTU）。真菌群落的丰富度指数（ACE）以菌草非根际土最低,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土;而多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener和Simpson）菌草根际土高于非根际土,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土。3份样品的优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）、壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）、球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）;优势菌纲为散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）、粪壳菌纲（ Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）、锤舌菌纲（Leotiomycetes）、圆盘菌纲（Orbiliomycetes）、银耳纲（Tremellomycetes）、粘膜菌纲（Wallemiomycetes）;优势菌属为篮状菌属（Talaromyces）、深黄伞形霉属（Umbelopsis）、枝孢菌属（Cladosporium）、暗双孢菌属（Cordana）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、隐球菌属（Cryptococcus）、淡紫紫霉属（Purpureocillium）、赤霉菌属 （Gibberella）、灵芝属（Ganoderma）。研究结果表明,菌草根际土真菌群落多样性高于非根际土,为进一步更好地利用菌草提供理论参考依据。