猪粪麦秆不同比例混合厌氧发酵特性试验

以猪粪、麦秆为原料,研究了35℃下二者按不同比例混合对厌氧消化产沼气的影响,分析了消化过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、原料去除率、pH值以及氨态氮质量浓度的变化。结果表明,猪粪与麦秆配比（干物质量比）1∶1时产气量最大,为383.0mL/g,是麦秆单独发酵产气量（231.8mL/g）的1.6倍;混合原料（猪粪和麦秆配比分别为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1）的VS去除率均在37%以上,比麦秆提高12.0%～26.9%;添加猪粪可提高发酵液中氨态氮含量,较麦秆提高35.6%～64.8%。因此,合理调控粪秆混合厌氧发酵的比例,能提高秸秆的产气率和利用率。     

小麦慢条锈品种鉴定及筛选

对37份国内小麦品种（系）进行了成株期慢条锈鉴定,结果表明,兰天20号等6份材料具有高度慢条锈特性,陇原932等6份材料具有中度慢条锈特性,阜麦16等5份材料具有低度慢条锈特性,石麦11等5份材料具有中度快条锈特性,洮157等15份材料具有高度快条锈特性,同时对慢条锈品种田间判别方法及其研究利用进行了探讨。     

豫南平原小麦主要农艺性状灰色关联度分析

为探讨小麦各主要农艺性状对产量影响的主次关系,运用灰色关联度分析方法,对2008、2009年两年小麦品比试验的结果进行分析。结果表明,产量高的品种其单位面积穗数和千粒重也相应较高,综合抗病性好的品种产量也较高;关联度大小依次为：单位面积穗数>千粒重>穗粒数>扬花期>成熟期>赤霉病>纹枯病>条锈病>白粉病。说明该地区与产量密切的主要农艺性状为单位面积穗数、千粒重、穗粒数。     

小麦叶片水分利用效率及相关生理性状的关系研究

利用19个抗旱性不同的小麦品种,对干旱状态下叶片水分利用效率和光合速率、蒸腾速率等12个指标之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,叶片水分利用效率与叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、水势和叶片离体失水速率之间的关系密切,说明这些生理性状是瞬间和短时期叶片水分利用效率的直接影响因素;而与叶片抗氧化酶活性、蜡质含量、叶片湿度和相对含水量相关性不大。因此认为,应该有针对性地研究与水分利用效率关系密切的生理性状,为小麦抗旱节水遗传育种研究提供理论依据。     

小麦基因克隆研究进展

小麦的基因克隆研究主要集中在品质、抗病、抗逆性、光合、春化等几个方面。在品质方面，已克隆了编码小麦高、低分子量谷蛋白亚基的基因、小麦淀粉合成酶基因及编码黑麦碱的基因；在抗病、抗逆性方面，已克隆了6个与白粉病有关的cDNA、几丁质酶和β-1，3-葡聚糖酶基因、抗小麦根节线虫基因、盐胁迫应答基因、水分胁迫诱导基因、与重金属解毒有关的基因；另外，还克隆了小麦叶绿体基因组中与光合作用有关的psbA基因和与春化有关的基因Vrc79、Vrc54、Vrc203、Vrcl7、Vrc28等。在小麦中还克隆到一个GTP结合蛋白的cDNA克隆、EIF转录因子的cDNA克隆及异构酶基因家族FKBP73基因的启动子序列。     

小麦叶片表皮泡状细胞形态的数量特征

为深入研究小麦叶片泡状细胞的功能与细胞微观形态数量特征的关系,利用显微摄影及图像分析系统对小麦叶片表皮泡状细胞形态的数量特征进行了统计分析.结果表明:(1)小麦叶片表皮细胞中泡状细胞数目达16.35%,其面积、周长分别是普通表皮细胞的3.01、2.24倍,且面积、周长、每mm~2 细胞数、周长面积比差异显著.泡状细胞的周长面积比仅占普通表皮细胞的0.723,是泡状细胞功能实现的重要数量特征;(2)以细胞面积、周长、等效圆直径、每mm~2细胞数、周长面积比,可以建立小麦叶片泡状细胞Fisher′s 线形判别函数,判别正确率达99%;(3)泡状细胞组高占叶厚的比例达到了0.18,是泡状细胞功能实现的又一重要数量特征;(4)相关分析表明,泡状细胞组长、泡状细胞组高、泡状细胞组面积均与泡状细胞距离叶缘的位置呈极显著负相关.     

小麦灌浆期中光能供求关系模拟与南京地区合理株型的探讨

提出了一个数学模型,对南京地区(32.04°N,118.5°E)小麦籽粒灌浆期中光能供求关系作模拟,以消光系数的日变化为反映株型的指标,从叶水平角随灌浆日进程所应具有的动态表现探讨本地区辐射条件下的合理株型。利用模型对不同基因型的光能利用率作了具体分析。分析表明,在辐射资源不足的南京地区,小麦叶片的水平角随灌浆进程以有一个由直立而水平再至倒垂的动态过程为宜。     

Genome-wide association mapping of phenolic acids in tetraploid wheats

Phenolic acids are major components of cell walls in wheat and have important implications on human health as antioxidants with anti-tumor activity. Our objectives were to identify phenolic acid genes in wheat by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected within the coding sequences of candidate genes, and to identify chromosomal regions associated with single phenolic acids and total soluble phenolic compounds. A set of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were identified by comparative genomics. SNPs found in the coding sequences of six genes (PAL1, PAL2, C4H, C3H, COMT1 and COMT2) were used to determine their chromosomal location and accurate map position on two reference consensus linkage maps. The genome-wide association study (GWAS), based on genotyping a tetraploid wheat collection with 81,587 gene-associated SNPs, detected 22 quantitative trait loci (QTL) distributed on almost all durum wheat chromosomes. Two QTL for p-coumaric acid were coincident with the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL2) and p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) genes on chromosome arms 2AL and 1AL, respectively. The availability of candidate gene-based markers can allow elucidating the mechanism of phenolic acids accumulation in wheat kernels and exploiting the genetic variability of phenolic acids content for the nutritional improvement of wheat end-products.     

Changes in the glutathione thiol-disulfide status in wheat grain by foliar sulphur fertilization: consequences for the rheological properties of dough

Storage proteins and glutathione in wheat play an important role in gluten network formation and can be modified by supplementation of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) in wheat plants. The glutathione thiol-disulfide status and its relationship to the molecular weight distribution wheat polymeric protein and dough rheological properties have been examined after different foliar S fertilizations (S derived from micronized elemental S and NS, a mixture of N urea and elemental S) applied at the post-anthesis stage. Changes in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), polymeric protein-glutathione mixed disulfide (PPSSG) were analysed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, during grain development using the wheat cultivars, Soissons and Trémie. During the grain desiccation phase, S supplementation (i) increased the GSSG/GSH ratio by 23–25% (ii) induced PPSSG accumulation, and (iii) decreased the formation of SDS-unextractable polymeric protein (UPP) and its molecular mass distribution. However, simultaneous N and S supplementation results in: (i) a decrease in PPSSG formation by 20–30% and (ii) an increase of UPP by 7–18% by enhancing both the branching of the aggregated proteins and their molecular weight. The mixograph parameters show that all forms of endogenous glutathione are linked to dough weakening and are negatively correlated with dough mixing tolerance, dough strength and consistency, while UPP is positively correlated with dough strength and consistency. These findings indicate that S nutrition influences dynamics of the glutathione forms in the grain and results in modification the degree of polymerization of storage protein. Thus both the changes in the form of glutathione and protein polymerization influence the rheological properties of dough.     

普通小麦花发育基因 TriFVE 的克隆与染色体定位

植物自主开花途径花发育基因FVE对植物营养生长向生殖生长的转变起重要的调控作用。为了进一步研究该基因在小麦中的调控功能,利用小麦基因组数据和二穗短柄草基因组数据,通过RT-PCR和PCR技术对小麦花发育基因FVE的DNA序列和cDNA序列进行了克隆和序列分析,分别获得了7 034bp(TriFVE1,Gene Bank JQ317687)和6 910bp(TriFVE2,Gene Bank JQ317688)的两个FVE基因序列。基因结构分析表明,FVE基因由15个外显子和14个内含子组成,TriFVE1和TriFVE2基因的内含子序列存在大片段的插入/缺失,同源性仅为79.87%。TriFVE1和TriFVE2的cDNA编码区序列均为1 368bp,存在4个SNP位点,编码455个氨基酸的FVE蛋白序列完全一致。利用"中国春"和21个缺四体将TriFVE1和TriFVE2分别定位于小麦3A和3D染色体上。利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析了FVE基因在单棱期、二棱期和穗分化时期的小麦茎尖组织表达模式,发现二棱期和穗分化期TriFVE的转录水平显著高于单棱期,表明FVE在小麦花发育由营养生长到生殖生长过程中起重要作用。基于FVE蛋白序列的系统进化树分析表明,苔藓植物、单子叶和双子叶植物被明显分为不同类群,该基因随着物种的进化而进化,可以为研究植物分子进化关系提供参考。