化学预处理对稻草硅化程度的影响及其对瘤胃降解率的改善效果

本试验结合化学分析与电镜技术,探讨了氨化与碱化处理对稻草硅化程度的影响,分析了稻草硅化程度与降解率的相关性。化学分析显示,碱化或氨化处理稻草的总硅含量随氢氧化钠或碳酸氢铵处理剂量的增加而线性下降(P<0.01);可溶性硅含量随碳酸氢铵处理剂量的增加变化不显著(P>0.05),但随氢氧化钠处理剂量增加线性下降(P<0.01);总硅与稻草干物质降解率间存在极显著负相关(r=-0.560,P<0.01)。电镜观察发现,氢氧化钠处理的稻草茎表皮根毛皱缩、乳突和瘤状结构部分溶解,碳酸氢铵处理的稻草茎外表皮层部分脱落;氢氧化钠处理的稻草茎表皮有明显的降解优势,碳酸氢铵处理的稻草茎表皮瘤胃降解72h后仍保持完整的乳突和瘤状结构。上述结果表明,氨化和碱化处理可以在一定程度上降低稻草的硅化程度,借此提高稻草的降解率,但两者降低稻草硅化的程度与方式不同。氨化处理通过使稻草表皮层部分脱落,降低稻草总硅含量,但借此提高稻草降解率的作用较弱;碱化处理可使稻草表皮硅酸盐部分溶解,从而使稻草总硅含量、可溶性硅含量下降,加速稻草降解。     

近红外光谱分析技术在测定饲料中植酸磷含量上的应用

植酸是一种抗营养因子。传统的用三氯化铁沉淀植酸的化学分析法费时费工,不能满足饲料工业发展的需要。为了寻求快速检测饲料中植酸磷(简称P.P.)含量的手段,本试验运用近红外光谱分析技术(简称 NIRS),分别以植酸磷含量较高的米糠饼和植酸磷含量较低的高粱为样品,对这两种饲料的化学分析法测值与近红外光谱法测值进行了比较。试验结果表明:用48个米糠饼样品和50个高粱样品进行定标,相关系数(R,下同)分别为0.901和0.890,残余标准差(RSD,下同)分别为0.06和0.03;另用不参与定标的25个米糠饼样品和21个高粱样品对定标结果进行检验,R 分别为0.803和0.917,RSD 分别为0.07和0.02。NIRS 法的分析精度基本上可以达到化学分析法的要求。作者认为,达项技术作为饲料中 PP 含量快速分析的手段是可行的。     

千年菊在西宁地区的容器育苗及栽培管理技术的初步研究

以千年菊为试验材料,利用沙子、有机肥、园土为原料,配制成人工育苗栽培的3种不同基质,进行反季节的花卉生产培育。通过利用不同基质培育千年菊苗,对千年菊的株高、茎粗细、开花的早晚、开花期长短进行研究,试验发现:千年菊在人工栽培条件下生长速度快,在西宁地区出苗率、移栽率、成活率较高且花期较长。千年菊生长在园土+有机肥+沙子(1∶1∶1)中较为理想。     

云南温带多年生优良牧草——扁穗雀麦

分析总结了扁穗雀麦的分布、来源、植物学特征、生物学特性、饲用价值和栽培利用措施,以促进该优良牧草的推广利用。由于扁穗雀麦在云南冬春潮湿阴凉环境条件下仍保持绿色,故可作为解决冬春青绿饲料的优良牧草利用。     

果桑品种“大10”的引种与栽培

果用及果叶兼用桑品种大10，三倍体，由浙江省从广东省引进。经在浙江省种植表明，成林桑园每667m^2可产鲜果约1000kg，果型大、味甜，无籽；同时还可产桑叶约1600kg，桑叶养蚕叶质较好。耐寒性较弱，易感桑椹菌核病。     

云南少亚热带野生草坪草载培试验及坪用性状评价

为了开发利用云南省亚热带野生草坪草资源,对双穗雀稗、狗牙根、一年生早熟禾等野生草坪草,进行了田间种植试验。从移栽成活率、生长速率、成坪时间等生物学特性和叶色、盖度、成坪速度等坪用性状,对草坪草的品质进行了综合评价,并总结了草坪草的生长和繁殖特性及其草坪管理技术。     

Gut ecology, feed digestion and performance in weaned piglets fed liquid diets

Gut environment and microflora, digestibility, and performance were studied in weaned piglets in Central Vietnam fed a dry control diet (CO), a naturally fermented liquid diet (FE), and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue (RDR). Digesta samples were collected at the start (day 0) and at the end of experiment (day 42). Diet FE had a lower pH than diet RDR, contained more organic acids, had the lowest counts of E. coli and total coliforms (P < 0.05), and the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0.05). Piglets fed diets FE and RDR had lower pH (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of organic acids in the stomach, ileum and mid-colon (P < 0.05) than piglets fed diet CO. Counts of LAB in stomach and ileum were higher in animals fed diets FE and RDR than CO (P < 0.05), while the number of E. coli and total coliforms along the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The ileal digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was improved in piglets fed diet RDR (P < 0.05) compared with piglets fed diet CO. Piglets fed diet RDR had a higher weight gain (P < 0.05) and a better feed utilization (P < 0.05) than piglets fed the other diets. The present findings support the contention that fermented diets and/or fermented feedstuffs can be used for dietary manipulation to improve gut health and animal performance.     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

稻草与氨化稻草干物质采食量的模型化研究

本研究分别以稻草、氨化稻草为唯一能量和蛋白质来源,实测了山羊稻草、氨化稻草的干物质采食量(DMI),并借鉴现有成熟模型,建立了以稻草、氨化稻草的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为预测因子的干物质采食量预测模型:DMI稻(g/d.kgMW)=30/NDF(%DM),DMI氨稻(g/d.kgMW)=39/NDF(%DM)。经验证,稻草、氨化稻草DMI预测模型的平均偏差(MD)分别为0.48g/d.kgMW与0.85g/d.kgMW,相应的平均预测方差(MSPE)为0.3599与1.0124。稻草与氨化稻草的MD、MSPE均很低,表明所建DMI预测模型精确可用。     

野生植物扁蓄的坪用价值研究

对3种野生草本植物进行了坪用栽培,详细观察研究了3种植物的物候期表现、生长习性和绿化效果。试验表明:扁蓄极耐严寒,对干旱、水涝、高温等逆境适应性强,抗污染能力强,保持绿色时间长,发挥绿化功能快,不择土壤,种植管理方便,可作为园林草坪绿化的优良地被植物。