防控有害入侵生物——西花蓟马

西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)是一种世界著名的危险性害虫,我国大陆于2003年首次报道。西花蓟马的发生给农作物造成严重危害和经济损失。本文就西花蓟马的寄主与危害及其防控等方面进行了概述。     

豫西地区不同类型农田化肥增产效益及增产潜力研究

 【目的】探讨化肥在豫西地区不同地形农田的增产效益与增产潜力，为引导和实现化肥的优化配置和合理施用、提高豫西地区粮食产量提供参考依据。【方法】采用田间试验，研究了豫西地区平川地、坡平地、坡地等3种典型地形农田化肥施用量对作物产量的影响；并对3种典型农田化肥消费量与粮食产量的多年统计资料进行了分析，提出了二者之间的关系，并由此对豫西地区粮食增产潜力进行了预测。【结果】作物单产以平川地最高，坡平地次之，坡地最低。尽管在3种类型农田上使用化肥均可大幅度增加作物产量，但化肥增产效益以坡地最高，坡平地次之，平川地最低；对3种典型地形农田化肥消费量与粮食产量多年统计资料的分析也获得相同结论。根据田间试验结果对未来豫西地区粮食产量及增产潜力进行的预测表明，当采用本研究中最大施肥量时，豫西地区粮食总产量可达到4.24×109 kg，是2003年该地区粮食产量的2.1倍；并预测在增加粮食产量中，坡地贡献率占50.1%、坡平地占33.7%、平川地占16.2%，坡地和坡平地粮食生产对该地区粮食总产量具有决定作用。【结论】豫西地区3种典型地形农田中化肥增产效益存在差异，以坡地化肥增产效益最大。因此，加强坡地化肥投入，可有效地提高本区粮食总产量，对今后本区粮食的增产具有重要意义。     

豫西地区石粉矿物元素含量分析

对豫西地区石粉中矿物元素的含量进行检测,结果表明,石粉中含有丰富的钙和铁等元素。其中龙门山石粉中钙的含量为18.00%,铁含量为4 357.36 mg/kg;新安县石粉中钙的含量为32.77%,铁含量为5 398.06 mg/kg。2种石粉是补充禽用饲料中钙、铁等元素的良好来源。     

Maximum benefit of a precise nitrogen application system for wheat

Research is ongoing to develop sensor-based systems to determine crop nitrogen needs. To be economic and to achieve wide adoption, a sensor-based site-specific application system must be sufficiently efficient to overcome both the cost disadvantage of dry and liquid sources of nitrogen relative to applications before planting of anhydrous ammonia and possible losses if weather prevents applications during the growing season. The objective of this study is to determine the expected maximum benefit of a precision N application system for winter wheat that senses and applies N to the growing crop in the spring relative to a uniform system that applies N before planting. An estimate of the maximum benefit would be useful to provide researchers with an upper bound on the cost of delivering an economically viable precision technology. Sixty five site-years of data from two dryland winter wheat nitrogen fertility experiments at experimental stations in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. were used to estimate the expected returns from both a conventional uniform rate anhydrous ammonia (NH₃) application system before planting and a precise topdressing system to determine the value of the latter. For prices of $0.55 and $0.33 kg⁻¹ N for urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) and NH₃, respectively, the maximum net value of a system of precise sensor-based nitrogen application for winter wheat was about $22–$31 ha⁻¹ depending upon location and assumptions regarding the existence of a plateau. However, for prices of $1.10 and $0.66 kg⁻¹ N for UAN and NH₃, respectively, the value was approximately $33 ha⁻¹. The benefit of precise N application is sensitive to both the absolute and relative prices of UAN and NH₃.This is journal paper AEJ-260 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, project H-2574.     

生物质成型燃料在农村推广的经济性分析

生物质成型燃料是利用农业废弃物的一种可再生能源技术,适宜广大农村地区推广应用,但推广过程中存在的经济方面的问题,阻碍了推广速度.笔者运用经济学方法,对成型燃料推广中的经济问题进行分析,为国家政策支持提供依据.     

西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)研究进展*

 西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)属于缨翅目(Thysanoptera)昆虫,最初分布于美国西部,20世纪80年代开始迅速扩散至全球各大洲,目前已在69个国家和地区有报道,成为世界性害虫。F. occidentalis可以以持久性的方式传播番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)病毒,如番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV);并且,F. occidentalis传播的病毒所造成的经济损失远远大于其本身所造成的损失。因此控制F. occidentalis的种群以及它的扩散是控制Tospoviruses的关键所在,有鉴于此,各国对F. occidentalis进行了深入的研究。主要论述了近年来F. occidentalis在生物学特征、室内饲养以及它和TSWV的互作关系等方面的进展。     

自拟中草药复方防治蛋雏鸡大肠杆菌病的研究

用自拟中草药复方对蛋雏鸡大肠杆菌病进行了病原菌体外药物敏感试验、中西药疗效对比试验及临床治疗和预防试验,并对自拟中草药复方进行了有效治疗剂量筛选试验和安全性试验。结果表明,自拟中草药复方对各生长阶段蛋雏鸡的安全性高,对大肠杆菌中度敏感;在饲料中有效治疗添加量为10g/kg,在治疗蛋雏鸡大肠杆菌病时获得了较好的治疗效果(有效率88.3%),但采取中西医合并治疗效果最好(有效率96.7%),与西药组和中药组相比差异显著(P<0.05);使用自拟中草药复方在临床上预防大肠杆菌病,发病率明显低于西药组,且二者差异显著(P<0.05);按8倍剂量使用仍较安全,未出现异常表现,剖检和组织切片检查也未发现异常变化。     

Is it economically feasible to harvest by management zone?

The economics of harvesting wheat based on input management zones in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia was studied using a simulated field of regular dimensions with varying zone sizes and layouts. Fertilizer application rates and crop yield and quality data from field trials of input management were used to estimate the gross crop revenue and harvesting costs from the different field layouts and zone combinations. As a general observation there was no consistency in the results; harvesting by zone generated more gross income in some combinations of field layout and yield quantity scenarios, but not in others. However, there were key factors in determining whether it was profitable to harvest by zone. These were prior knowledge of the potential yield and quality characteristics of grain from each zone in a field, and the layout of zones within a field.     

西部农村信息化建设的思考

农村信息化建设是国家信息化战略的重要组成部分，是加速实现农业现代化的重要途径。本文从信息化的定义、农村信息化与建设社会主义新农村的关系出发，分析了西部农村信息化建设中存在的问题，进而提出促进西部农村信忠化建设的几点建议。     

西部大开发中耕作制度的发展对策

西部大开发为西部农业的发展带来了机遇,同时也带来了挑战。西部农业落后,农业经济需要更大的发展。退耕还林还草使耕地数量减少,为西部农业的发展提出了新问题。只有改革现有的耕作制度,提高单位面积耕地生产力并调整种植结构,才能促进西部农业经济的发展和确保退耕工作的顺利进行。在耕作制度上,应大力推广少、免耕技术,发展节水农业;调整种植结构,实行三元化农业;培肥地力,加强田间管理,提高作物栽培水平,实行保护地栽培,发展设施农业。