胡萝卜切片的超声强化远红外干燥特性及动力学模拟

为探讨超声波对远红外干燥过程的强化效果,以胡萝卜切片为干燥材料,研究不同超声频率、超声功率和超声处理时间条件下,胡萝卜切片的干燥特性和品质变化规律,并用Weibull函数对干燥过程进行动力学模拟。结果表明:随着超声频率、超声功率和超声处理时间的增加,干燥时间明显减少,干燥速率显著增加;Weibull分布函数可实现较高的模型精度,拟合结果的决定系数R~2值均在0.97以上,离差平方和χ~2值均很小,尺度参数α随着超声参数的增加而呈现减小的趋势,表明超声强化的干燥过程由内部的水分扩散阻力控制。估算有效水分扩散系数D_(cal)为3.601×10~(-8)～5.317×10~(-8) m~2/s,有效水分扩散系数D_(eff)为3.535×10~(-10)～5.601×10~(-10) m~2/s,均随着超声频率、超声功率和超声处理时间的增加而增大;并且随着超声频率、超声功率和超声处理时间的增加,胡萝卜干制品的总色差值总体呈现上升趋势,胡萝卜切片细胞中微孔数量增多,热质迁移效率增大,干燥速率显著提高。     

Using Neutral Models to Identify Constraints on Low-severity Fire Regimes

Climate, topography, fuel loadings, and human activities all affect spatial and temporal patterns of fire occurrence. Because fire is modeled as a stochastic process, for which each fire history is only one realization, a simulation approach is necessary to understand baseline variability, thereby identifying constraints, or forcing functions, that affect fire regimes. With a suitable neutral model, characteristics of natural fire regimes estimated from fire history data can be compared to a “null hypothesis”. We generated random landscapes of fire-scarred trees via a point process with sequential spatial inhibition. Random ignition points, fire sizes, and fire years were drawn from uniform and exponential family probability distributions. We compared two characteristics of neutral fire regimes to those from five watersheds in eastern Washington that have experienced low-severity fire. Composite fire intervals (CFIs) at multiple spatial scales displayed similar monotonic decreases with increasing sample area in neutral vs. real landscapes, although patterns of residuals from statistical models differed. In contrast, parameters of the Weibull distribution associated with temporal trends in fire hazard exhibited different forms of scale dependence in real vs. simulated data. Clear patterns in neutral landscapes suggest that deviations from them in empirical data represent real constraints on fire regimes (e.g., topography, fuels). As with any null model, however, neutral fire-regime models need to be carefully tuned to avoid confounding these constraints with artifacts of modeling. Neutral models show promise for investigating low-severity fire regimes to separate intrinsic properties of stochastic processes from the effects of climate, fuel loadings, topography, and management.     

广东南昆山毛竹林结构Weibull分布模型研究

在机械抽取的37块毛竹(Phyllostachys Pubescens)林样地(面积为0.06ha)的基础上,分别建立37个Weibull分布模型:并对模型拟合值和实际值进行误差分析及灰色关联分析,其结果表明模型的拟合效果良好。     

四川盆地西缘柳杉人工林结构及生长预测的初步研究

运用多元统计分析的方法,研究了四川盆地西缘山地柳杉人工林的密度和直径—株数分布的规律,筛选出了影响林分密度的主导因子(林今年龄、地位指数和林分平均直径),并建立了林分密度预测模型。还根据西泽正久(1978)所提供的求解Weibull分布参数e的gamma和Cud数值表,对48块林令标准地的林木株数调查结果用Weibull分布函数进行了拟合。结果表明:有33块标准地的拟合结果经卡方检验达到极显著水牛(α=0.01),有10块标准地达显著水平(α=0.05),另有5块标准地的拟合结果则不符合weibull分布。在此基础上,对影响柳杉人上林Weibull分布函数的 b、c参数的林分结构因子进行了回归分析,并用易测林分结构因子建立了两个参数的预测模型。 通过建立上述预测模型,作者对柳杉人工林的结构和生长量进行了综合预测。经检验结果表明:本次研究所建立的预测模型达到精度要求,为森林资源预测、森林经营管理、抚育间伐提供科学依据。     

基于威布尔分布的无失效数据的可靠性分析

从一批产品中随机抽取N个样品进行寿命试验,假如到事先指定的时间无一个样品发生失效,则评价该产品的各项可靠性指标的问题即为无失效数据问题,早期的无失效数据问题的研究主要都限于指数分布.本文拟对威布尔分布作类似研究,并分析其可靠性.     

金沟岭林场云冷杉次生林两种径阶分布模型的应用

在现代森林经营管理过程中,掌握某树种径阶的分布状态是进行经营管理决策的重要依据。目前使用较多的是Weibull函数,它具有较大的灵活性,能够拟合单峰山状曲线及反J型曲线,并且拟合林分直径的效果比较好。但是weibull分布函数有一定的适用范围,应用于次生林的时候,拟合效果并不好。     

Weibull分布在马尾松人工林中的适用性研究

用马尾松人工林间伐试验样地资料对Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的拟合、预测适用性进行了研究,结果表明,Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布对中、弱间伐强度的马尾松人工林直径分布拟合效果较好,但采用以林分平均直径预测值推算Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布参数的林分直径分布预测法对平均直径的预测精度要求很高,就所用资料而言,要求最低预测精度９５％￣９９％,而且间伐强度越大要求越高。中、强间伐强度的林要求９８％以上,精度不够的林分直径预测分布对材     

Differences of tensile strength distribution between mechanically high-grade and low-grade Japanese larch lumber 11: Effect of knots on tensile strength distribution

The tensile strength (TS) test results of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi, Carriere) lumber of varying length have shown that the length effects on TS were different between high-grade (H) and low-grade (L) lumber. In this paper, we examined the effect of knots on the TS distribution by measuring the number of knots and the knot area ratio of each specimen. There were more knots in L than in H; and the knot area ratio in L distinctly increased as the length increased compared to that in H. The correlation coefficients between physical properties and TS indicated that knots were the most influencial factor for TS among several physical properties: annual ring width, distance from pith, density, dynamic Young's modulus, and knots. We attempted to estimate the length effect parameters by introducing the concept of assumed knot strength. We thought that the length effect parameters for 50th percentiles of TS could be estimated well with fitted 3P-Weibull, and that the parameters for 5th-percentiles could be estimated well with 2P-Weibull fitted to lower-tail 10% data by the likelihood method. The differences of length effect on TS between H and L should be governed by the presence of knots. The independent model based on the concept of assumed knot strength may express the TS of structural lumber of various lengths.     

Estimating biomass production and carbon storage for a fast-growing makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi) plant based on the diameter distribution model

The purpose of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon storage for a fast-growing makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi). The study site was located in central Taiwan and the makino bamboo plantation had a stand density of 21191 ± 4107 culms ha⁻¹. A diameter distribution model based on the Weibull distribution function and an allometric model was used to predict aboveground biomass and carbon storage. For an accurate estimation of carbon storage, the percent carbon content (PCC) in different sections of bamboo was determined by an elemental analyzer. The results showed that bamboos of all ages shared a similar trend, where culms displayed a carbon storage of 47.49–47.82%, branches 45.66–46.23%, and foliage 38.12–44.78%. In spite of the high density of the stand, the diameter distribution of makino bamboo approached a normal distribution and aboveground biomass and carbon storage were 105.33 and 49.81 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, one-fifth of older culms from the entire stand were removed by selective cutting. If the distribution of the yield of older culms per year was similar to the current stand, the yields of biomass and carbon per year would be 21.07 and 9.89 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. An astonishing productivity was observed, where every 5 years the yield of biomass and carbon was equal to the current status of stockings. Thus, makino bamboo has a high potential as a species used for carbon storage.