坡面土壤侵蚀分布规律的初步分析

通过在坡面不同位置布设REE示踪元素来研究坡面的侵蚀分布规律,结果表明:坡面的侵蚀分布符合Weibull概率分布模型。其中形状参数m与降雨量、降雨历时和径流深相关,而已度参数a与平均雨强、I₃₀相关。坡面的平均侵蚀强度基本上位于从坡脚向上的28～55m内;与我们假设的平均侵蚀强度位于坡面的下2/3处基本一致。但由于侵蚀过程的复杂性与影响因子的多样性．有些问题尚未解决,还有待于进一步研究。     

基于Weibull模型的细粒尾矿粒径分布

尾矿细粒化是矿业发展趋势,细粒尾矿的粒径分布对尾矿宏观力学特性及坝体稳定性具有重要影响。采用筛分法和沉降法,对82个尾矿试样进行了颗分试验,建立了细粒尾矿粒径分布的Weibull函数模型。试验结果表明:细粒尾矿粒径呈"细多粗少"的分布规律,这种规律服从Weibull分布,可以用Weibull分布对粒径分布进行描述和外推预测;传统分形模型中假设每级粒度的破碎率为常数与实际情况不符,Weibull分布可以看作对分形模型误差的一种修正;在破碎过程中,粒径的概率密度分布会出现峰值,这个峰值不断向粒径小的方向偏移,最终形成"细多粗少"的分布特点。研究结果有助于磨矿工艺的改进,并可以为土工试验做出科学的级配方案提供参考。     

Species differences in total and vertical distribution of branch- and tree-level leaf area for the five primary conifer species in Maine, USA

Vertical distribution of leaf area largely governs both tree structure and function. Models of this important tree attribute have been constructed for several commercially important conifers. However, a limited number of studies have compared alternative modeling techniques and inherent species differences. This study used several existing datasets for the five primary conifer species in Maine, namely balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.], northern white-cedar [Thuja occidentalis (L.)], eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.], eastern white pine [Pinus strobus (L.)], and red spruce [Picea rubens (Sarg.)] to examine species variation in total and vertical distribution of projected leaf area at the individual branch- and tree-levels. In addition, multiple methods for modeling the vertical distribution of leaf area were examined across the species. For a given branch diameter and location within the crown, eastern hemlock branches held the greatest amount of leaf area, followed by balsam fir, northern white-cedar, white pine, and red spruce. At the tree-level, eastern white pine held the greatest amount of leaf area followed by eastern hemlock, balsam fir, red spruce, and northern white-cedar for a given tree size. Across species, the two-parameter, right-truncated Weibull distribution performed the best for predicting vertical distribution of leaf area when compared to the four-parameter beta and Johnson's S_B distributions (reduction of root mean square error of 1.7–21.1%). Northern white-cedar had a relative distribution of leaf area distinctly different than other species in this study with a mode shifted towards the upper crown. In contrast to red spruce and white pine, the mode of the relative distribution of leaf area for balsam fir and eastern hemlock occurred lower in the crown. Results of this study suggest that differences in total and vertical distribution of leaf area exist between species, but significant amounts of their variation are largely accounted for by bole and crown size.     

A shifting algorithm to simulate thinnings from below and above

Thinning is a silvicultural practice to improve tree growth and health. Thinning from below for the even-aged silviculture and thinning from above for the uneven-aged silviculture are the two mainly applied thinning practices. In forest management simulations, algorithms that describe which individual trees to be removed from a forest have developed in five growth simulators (Söderbergh and Ledermann, 2003). We have developed a shifting algorithm that determines the proportion of trees to be thinned from different diameter classes to complement the individual tree selection algorithms. Sampled (or mapped) tree diameters are grouped into diameter classes. Given the target thinning volume, the algorithm automatically computes the thinning rate in each of the diameter classes using the three-parameter Weibull distribution. The thinning rate is obtained by shifting the location parameter of an estimated Weibull distribution either to the right or to the left for thinnings from below and above, respectively. A modified bisection method is used to search for the new location parameter that yields the desired thinning volume. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated in examples by using experimental forest datasets. A stand-alone program called Weibull_thinning is downloadable at http://www.it.abo.fi/suswood/weibull_thinning/.     

思茅松人工幼龄林和中龄林直径分布规律的研究

以40块思茅松幼、中龄人工林样地资料为依据,利用正态分布和Weibull分布密度函数对林分的直径分布进行拟合。卡方检验表明,正态分布的适合率为95.0%,Weibull分布的适合率为97.5%;Weibull分布、正态分布都可以用来描述思茅松幼、中龄林林分直径分布。林木竞争、分化激烈的林分,用Weibull分布来描述其林分直径分布较正态分布适合;而竞争、分化不太剧烈的林分,尤其是自疏开始前的幼龄林,用正态分布来描述其林分直径分布较Weibull分布适合。     

基于LiDAR数据和Quickbird影像的树高提取方法及应用

为了有效提取树冠边界、树冠顶点和树高信息,提出了一种考虑下层木高度的树高查找模型。该模型通过基于数学形态学的分水岭方法分割滤波处理后的LiDAR数据和Quickbird影像获取树冠边界;取树冠内最高点作为树冠顶点,提取树高;并利用W eibull函数预测下层木高度。试验结果表明,该方法能够自动有效地提取树冠边界,树高信息与野外实测的高度信息的R2=0.93,W eibull函数预测R2=0.93,能够满足实际应用的需求。     

基于开花期地域差异的中稻高温热害天气指数保险设计

高温热害是湖北省中稻单产的主要限制因子,高温热害天气指数保险的设计与推广,对于转移农业气象灾害风险,降低农民损失具有重大意义。在开顶式生长室(open-top chamber,OTC)的控制下,以中稻品种"广两优香66"为试材,模拟开花灌浆期高温热害,建立了高温热害减产模型,并用大田调查资料作对比,筛选最优投保集中时段。基于10个试点县(市)1981-2016年每年7月16日-8月31日日最高气温观测资料,采用Weibull分布模型,构建分时段的高温热害风险分布模型。综合减产率模型和概率分布模型,厘定了不同免赔率下,以县(市)为单位的,多个投保时期的中稻高温热害天气指数保险的纯费率,为被保险人提供多种投保方案。结果表明:中稻开花灌浆期高温热害保险的最优投保时间为开花始期后20d,开花始期为7月下旬时费率最高,随着开花期的延迟,费率逐渐降低。纯费率的区域差异较大,咸安、赤壁、浠水、麻城等热害高风险区费率较高,襄阳、随州等低风险区费率较低。     

Diameter distribution of trees in natural stands managed on polycyclic cutting system

Diameter frequency distribution in a specific stand provides basic information for forest resources management.In this study,four probability models were applied to analyze diameter distribution of natural forests after selective cutting with different intensities (low intensity of 13.0% in volume,medium intensity of 29.1%,high intensity of 45.8%,and extra-high intensity of 67.1%).The results show that the skewness and kurtosis of the four models are positive except that of low intensity selective cutting,which suggest that the number of small-size trees dominate the stand.The more intensity of selective cutting,the wider range of diameter distributions.The diameter structure of selective cutting with low intensity met Weibull and Beta distributions;that of medium intensity met Weibull,negative exponential as well as Gamma distributions;that of high intensity cutting met Weibull and negative exponential distributions,but that of extra-high intensity could not meet any above model.Weibull distribution model fits better than others regarding the structure of diameter distribution in natural forests managed on polycyclic cutting system.The results will provide basic information for sustainable management for mixed natural stands managed on a polycyclic cutting system.     

Weibull分布函数和Rayleigh密度函数在组建褐飞虱种群预测模型中的应用

 本文研究应用 Weibull 分布函数Y=100×[1-exp(-X/b)^c]描述褐飞虱雌虫产卵量的时间序列分布、若虫进龄百分率和卵的累计孵化率,用 Rayleigh 密度函数Y=A·X·exp(-X²/2H²)描述各龄若虫存活率。然后将这些参数组建成褐飞虱田间种群数量预测模型,经用历史资料验证,结果模拟值与实查值基本一致。     

思茅松天然次生林林分直径结构规律的研究

以思茅松天然次生林3块样地资料为依据，对正态分布，Weibull分布，Beta分布，Gamma分布拟合及预测思茅松天然次生林直径分布的适用性进行分析、比较，选出最适合于拟合及预测该林分直径结构的分布，并用卡方统计量对4种分布进行检验，结果表明：Weibull分布描述思茅松天然次生林的直径分布效果最好。