基于MSP430的智能农业机械终端

根据精细农业技术体系的要求,基于MSP430设计开发了一种新型智能农业机械车载终端.该终端集GPS技术、GIS技术和GPRS技术于一体,采用模块化设计,很好地实现了农田信息采集、作物产量监测、农田合理施肥以及农业机械跨区或跨省作业的导航调度.     

Potential for reintroduction of lake sturgeon in five northern Lake Michigan tributaries: a habitat suitability perspective

• 1. Conservation and rehabilitation efforts for lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens throughout the Great Lakes include the re‐establishment of self‐sustaining stocks in systems where they have been extirpated.
• 2. Information on the suitability of potential lake sturgeon habitat in tributaries is important for determining their capacity to support lake sturgeon stocking and to develop system‐specific rehabilitation strategies.
• 3. Geo‐referenced habitat information characterizing substrate composition, water depth, and stream gradient were applied to a life‐stage specific lake sturgeon habitat suitability index in a geographic information system to produce spatially explicit models of life‐stage specific habitat characteristics in five northern Lake Michigan tributaries from which lake sturgeon have been extirpated.
• 4. Habitat models indicated that high quality lake sturgeon spawning and staging habitat comprised 0 to 23% and 0 to 9% of the available habitat, respectively, whereas high quality juvenile lake sturgeon habitat was relatively ubiquitous throughout each river and comprised 39 to 99%.
• 5. Comparison of these data to lake sturgeon habitat availability in Lake Michigan tributaries currently supporting populations indicated that spawning and staging habitats may limit the ability of these systems to support spawning. Efforts to re‐establish lake sturgeon populations in these systems should consider the creation of spawning and staging habitat to increase reproductive and recruitment potential prior to the initiation of stocking efforts.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国精细农业的应用研究

生物遗传育种技术的进步以及化肥、农药的使用,推动了世界农业的发展。但这种农业增长模式也带来了水土流失、生态环境恶化、生物多样性遭到破坏等诸多问题。在解决这些问题的进程中,逐渐形成了精细农业的理论体系。对精细农业技术思想、技术体系、技术应用的发展情况进行了研究,并结合我国具体情况,分析了精细农业在我国的应用前景。     

GIS在窟野河流域沙棘减沙工程监测中的应用

GIS地理信息系统是集数据采集、处理分析、管理查询和输出等功能为一体的现代技术工具,GIS正在被广泛应用在水土保持监测领域,本文阐述GIS技术在窟野河流域沙棘减沙工程监测中的应用。     

农村变电站选址规划方法

农村变电站选址是电网规划的重要组成部分,在农网规划是起承上启下的作用,文中介绍最优化选址问题,并将优化选址的数学模型进行分类,又全面地比较分析应用于变电站选址方法的诸多算法,提出5项有利于电力市场环境下的农网变电站选址的建议.     

Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective

The effects of wind turbines and other physical landscape elements on field utilization by wintering pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were studied in a Danish farmland landscape. Within the study area geese were feeding on pastures, which together with cereals were the main crop types. Apart from wind turbines a variety of potentially disturbing landscape elements was present, e.g., high-power lines, windbreaks, roads and settlements. Patterns of field use were assessed by measuring goose dropping densities along transects perpendicular to wind farms (with turbines in clusters and in lines) and other landscape elements. Local effects were expressed in terms of `avoidance distance', i.e., the distance from a given landscape element to the point at which 50% of maximal dropping density was reached. The spatial distribution of landscape elements within an eight km radius from the goose roost was determined from aerial photographs. The area occupied by various elements, together with the adjacent zones which were not available to geese due to their associated avoidance distances, were quantified using Geographic Information System (GIS).The avoidance distance of wind farms with turbines in lines and in clusters were ca 100 m and ca 200 m, respectively. Geese did not enter the area between turbines within the cluster. At the landscape level, the combined effect of physical elements other than wind turbines caused an effective loss of 68% of the total field area (40 km²). Wind turbines caused an additional loss of 4% of the field area. However, of the remaining area available to geese (13 km²), wind turbines caused a loss of 13% of the total area. The habitat loss per turbine was higher for the wind farm with turbines arranged in a large cluster than for wind farms with turbines in small clusters or lines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that wind farms in small clusters or with a linear layout were generally placed close to roads or other elements with existing associated avoidance zones, whereas the large cluster was placed in the open farmland area. The avoidance zones associated with physical elements in the landscape do not take into account possible synergistic effects and, hence, actual field areas affected are likely to be minimum estimates. Implications of these findings for planning of wind farms in areas of conservation interest to geese are discussed.     

基于GIS的秦巴山区土地生态敏感性评价──以陇南山区为例

生态环境敏感性评价是进行生态功能区划的前提条件,也是判断生态系统稳定性的重要手段。进行土地生态环境敏感性评价,是落实科学发展观和生态文明理念,加快实施主体功能区规划和建设国家生态安全屏障的重要举措,对推动陇南市可持续发展和维护国家生态安全具有重要意义。笔者根据陇南市山地生态系统基本特征,运用GIS技术,从土壤侵蚀、石漠化、和地质灾害3个方面对陇南市土地生态敏感性展开单因子评价和综合评价,并对综合评价结果进行趋势面分析。评价结果表明:(1)陇南市土地生态敏感性区域差异比较明显,在东西方向上为东高西低,整体呈递减趋势,在南北方向上呈现较为明显的"n"字型,南部略高于北部;(2)运用自然断点法,将陇南市土地生态敏感性分为极敏感区、高敏感区、中敏感区、低敏感区和不敏感区,分别占市域总面积的19.18%,24.61%,25.71%,16.88%和13.61%;其中极敏感区和高敏感区主要分布在宕昌县和武都区等周边地区,该区生态敏感极强,需要加强保护,开发强度不宜过高;低敏感和不敏感区域主要分布在礼县、西和县、徽县和成县等大多数区域,可以适当进行开发。     

基于GIS和气候-土地利用信息的西藏青稞种植适宜性区划

使用2009—2013年的CLDAS大气驱动场(V1.0)数据为气候数据源,结合影响西藏青稞种植的关键气候因子,确定生育期≥0℃的积温(T0)、最热月平均气温(Tmax)、生育期降水量(R)这3个气候因子作为西藏青稞种植区划指标,利用GIS技术进行西藏青稞种植气候适应性区划。为了得到既能满足气候需求又有耕地的实际可种植区域,本研究将土地资源信息与气候区划叠加。结果表明:青稞最适宜种植区域主要分布于雅江中游河谷2400~4100 m区域及昌都市的中部和南部,结果与事实相符。     

雪灾对农业影响的损失评估

为了分析雪灾对宁波市农业影响的损失,并对其进行评估。本研究选取宁波市2014年一次降雪过程,基于自然灾害理论,综合考虑形成雪灾损失的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力,将遥感、地理信息技术与雪灾损失相结合构建雪灾损失评估模型。结合土地利用类型图,提取农业用地,将雪灾对农业影响的损失区域划分为低损失、中损失和高损失,并进行分区评述。结果表明:余姚市的积雪覆盖面积最大,且雪灾各损失等级所占面积均最大,受灾最严重;海曙区、江东区和江北区无积雪覆盖,无雪灾损失。雪灾高损失区域主要位于海拔较高的余姚南部和鄞州西部山区。     

基于GIS的低温冷冻灾害风险性评估

为了提高低温冷冻灾害的防御能力,为政府部门制定防灾减灾规划提供科学依据。本研究基于自然灾害形成机理及风险评估原理,以济南市长清区为例,利用气候资料、历史灾情数据、地理信息数据及社会经济等资料,采用层次分析法和加权综合评价法,借助GIS空间分析技术,通过对致灾因子危险性、敏感性、易损性和防灾减灾能力4个评价指标的空间评价,实现了对长清区低温冷冻灾害的风险性评估和综合区划。结果表明：长清区低温冷冻灾害总体表现为空间化强,没有规则的分布规律,综合风险性总体水平较高。文昌街道办事处、五峰山街道办事处、双泉乡的部分地区综合风险性最高,属于低温冷冻灾害的重点防御区域;轻、低风险主要分布在平安街道办事处、万德镇、马山镇、崮云湖街道办事处的部分辖区。该评估结果将对本地区农作物的种植规划及灾害防御措施的制定提供参考依据。