宁夏北部地区一次大雾天气分析

针对2010年9月30日出现在宁夏北部地区的一次大雾天气进行了综合分析,结果表明,此次大雾天气不仅要考虑冷却条件、风的条件,更要考虑前期500～700 hPa维持较稳定层结及与稳定度有关的物理量场(如T地面-T850值、θse850-θse500值等)变化对大雾天气的指示意义;另外,前期湿度条件的积累也是影响大雾生成的主要原因。     

甘肃省玛曲县人工增雨气象条件分析

分析了甘肃省玛曲县降水的气候背景和天气系统,结果表明,80%的降水是由中尺度对流云团造成。为此,综述了用卫星云图分析青藏高原MCSs活动的特征及其大尺度环境条件和降水的关系,发现青南高原和玛曲对流云团的低云冰水路径,其中心强度为223～245 g/m2,大于东侧的陇南和陕南,而高云光学厚度则相反,玛曲仅为8,是陇南和陕南的44%,显然与高原海拔高度较高有关。玛曲的大降水多由对流云团产生,降水效率较小约为19%～40%,人工增雨潜力应比冷锋高云带大,但小于古巴热带对流云的增雨率39.7%。     

The importance of sub‐peat carbon storage as shown by data from Dartmoor,UK

Peatlands are highly valued for their range of ecosystem services, including distinctive biodiversity, agricultural uses, recreational amenities, water provision, river flow regulation and their capacity to store carbon. There have been a range of estimates of carbon stored in peatlands in the United Kingdom, but uncertainties remain, in particular with regard to depth and bulk density of peat. In addition, very few studies consider the full profile with depth in carbon auditing. The importance of sub‐peat soils within peatland carbon stores has been recognized, but remains poorly understood and is included rarely within peatland carbon audits. This study examines the importance of the carbon store based on a study of blanket peat on Dartmoor, UK, by estimating peat depths in a 4 × 1 km survey area using ground penetrating radar (GPR), extraction of 43 cores across a range of peat depth, and estimation of carbon densities based on measures of loss‐on‐ignition and bulk density. Comparison of GPR estimates of peat depth with core depths shows excellent agreement, to provide the basis for a detailed understanding of the distribution of peat depths within the survey area. Carbon densities of the sub‐peat soils are on average 78 and 53 kg C/m³ for the overlying blanket peat. There is considerable spatial variability in the estimates of total carbon from each core across the survey area, with values ranging between 56.5 kg C/m² (1.01 m total depth of peat and soil) and 524 kg C/m² (6.63 m total depth). Sub‐peat soil carbon represents between 4 and 28 per cent (mean 13.5) of the total carbon stored, with greater values for shallower peat. The results indicate a significant and previously unaccounted store of carbon within blanket peat regions which should be included in future calculations of overall carbon storage. It is argued that this store needs to be considered in carbon audits.     

An economic evaluation of alternative pix application strategies for cotton production using GOSSYM/COMAX

The plant growth regulator pix (mepiquat chloride) is used extensively throughout the USA cotton belt to control excessive plant growth and to enhance early crop maturity in cotton production. Economic returns from pix use can vary greatly across different production environments. This study evaluates the economic returns to dryland cotton obtained from 12 different pix application strategies under two different soil types (Bosket sandy loam and Dundee silty clay loam) and three different weather conditions (normal, cold-wet, and hot-dry) in the Mississippi delta using simulated output from the GOSSYM/COMAX cotton management system. The most profitable pix application strategies varied by soil type. Also, economic returns were larger when using different pix application strategies for different weather conditions as opposed to using one pix application strategy for all weather conditions.     

雷达液位计在黄岛地下油库罐位监测中的应用

在黄岛地下油库改造工程中,分别在１号和３号地下储罐安装了雷达液位计监测系统,该系统可通过天线发出到达介质液面的发射液,检测出其与反射波之间的频率变化,与被测液面距离成正比关系,能够准确地计算出罐存介质的液位,并可同时将液位、温度及裂隙水位等重要数据传至地面控制中心进行监测,减轻了工人的劳动强度,提高了安全生产的保障系数。该系统具有精度度高、传输速度快、防爆性能好及维修方便等特点。介绍了系统的结构原     

基于探地雷达杂波抑制与偏移成像的树木根系定位方法

探地雷达在果树和古树名木养护管理领域具有广阔的应用前景。针对探地雷达采集的B-scan图像中杂波影响根系定位精度的问题,提出了基于鲁棒深度自动编码器(RDAE)、直接最小二乘法(DLS)和频率-波数域偏移(FKM)相结合的树木根系定位方法。首先,通过RDAE将零点校正后的B-scan图像分解为表示杂波的低秩分量和表示根系目标回波的稀疏分量,保留稀疏分量完成杂波抑制;然后使用DLS拟合目标回波形成的双曲线估算土壤的相对介电常数;最后,根据土壤的相对介电常数计算得出偏移速度作为频率-波数域偏移的输入进行偏移成像,获取根系的半径和深度信息从而完成根系定位。实验结果表明：RDAE方法在仿真和实测数据上的杂波抑制效果对比均值减法(MS)、奇异值分解(SVD)和鲁棒主成分分析(RPCA)有着更高的信杂比和改善因子,通过DLS估计的土壤相对介电常数均方根相对误差为3.84%,根系定位的最大半径相对误差和最大深度相对误差分别为8.5%、8.7%,能够完成根系位置标定,满足根系无损检测的需求,可为树木健康管理和移植提供决策支持。     

基于Radarsat-2和环境星的淮河流域冬小麦估产模型比较研究

建立基于微波和光学卫星影像的农作物估产模型,可对上报作物产量准确性及估产模型精度进行相互验证.应用2014年4月中旬和5月初星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)——RADARSAT-2和同期HJ影像各两幅,选择安徽省寿县和怀远县冬小麦产区,通过试验田产量和反演的雷达影像后向散射系数,以及从环境星计算得到的归一化植被指数(NDVI),建立冬小麦线性估产模型,在此基础上对估产模型精度进行比较:通过星载SAR的同极化HH和交叉极化HV方式建立的估产模型对寿县涧沟镇冬小麦估产精度分别为68.37％和74.01％,对怀远县龙亢镇冬小麦估产精度分别为63.10％和69.10％;通过HJ星建立的估产模型对寿县涧沟镇和怀远县龙亢镇冬小麦估产精度分别为69.52％和66.43％.基于HJ星影像得到的冬小麦估产模型精度和基于SAR得到的估产模型精度接近.模型结果为上报产量准确性、冬小麦估产模型验证、参数纠正及推广奠定基础和积累经验.     

洛川近地层夜间气温逆温特征及空气扰动防霜可行性分析

为了更加有效地在洛川开展苹果花期霜冻预防技术试验与推广,笔者利用洛川县苹果园梯度观测塔观测的温度、风速数据,采用数理统计方法,分析了洛川近地层夜间气温逆温特征。结果表明：洛川春季辐射降温时,逆温持续时间长、温差大、风速小,具备开展空气扰动防霜的基本条件。洛川逆温出现时间与日出日落时间密切相关,日落后逆温形成,日出后逆温消失。逆温的平均强度为0.7~0.8℃,在冬季最大值出现在午夜,春季（4—5 月）最大值出现在凌晨。春季出现辐射霜冻时,近地层平均逆温强度在2℃以上,最大值可达4℃。逆温的出现受天气影响,当夜间为阴天或有降水时,逆温不会形成。风速对逆温的形成及强度影响极大,当春季夜间风速大于2.5 m/s时,逆温基本上也不存在。     

风廓线雷达资料在沈阳冰雹天气过程中的分析应用

本文利用风廓线雷达的基本产品、Micaps实况资料和区域自动站资料,对沈阳城区发生的一次冰雹天气过程进行分析,结果表明：此次冰雹是在冷涡背景下,高空存在横槽、逆温,触发的局地的强对流天气过程。降雹前高空由西北风转为偏西风,预示着横槽的到来,风廓线雷达对冷空气侵入的判别提前于常规观测资料。1000 m以下水平风的变化与降雹时间及强度有较好的对应。高空水平风速≥12 m/s的风速带在降雹前1h达到峰值。高空急流区在冰雹发生前20~25min出现急流动量下传,为冰雹的产生提供动力条件。降雹阶段探测高度明显增加,主要是由于空气湿度增大和高层存在大量冰晶粒子所致。冰雹过程中,冰晶粒子主要集中在1900 m以下。降雹前25min垂直风切变增大,并在降雹前20min达到极值,垂直风切变的变化与急流的变化相对应。垂直速度达到极值对应的并不是降雹的开始,低层信噪比＞60 dB,对应降雹开始,信噪比对于冰雹的敏感程度比垂直速度高。垂直速度大于4 m/s与降水的开始、结束时间有着很好的对应关系。     

Traditional weather forecasting for sustainable agroforestry practices in Ilocos Norte Province,Philippines

People in rural communities in Ilocos Norte Province in the Philippines rely heavily on traditional knowledge, particularly for predicting weather to plan and prepare their agroforestry activities as well as disaster prevention. Farmers use this knowledge, derived from observations of atmospheric and astronomic conditions, indicator plants and behavior of animals (insects, birds, and mammals) which signal the onset of the rainy season. These indicators prompt farmers to prepare their upland farmlands for cropping to ensure that vegetative ground cover is established prior to heavy rainfall and thereby prevent erosion of upland soil and siltation of watercourses. Predictive knowledge of the timing of long or short rainy periods enables farmers to plant suitable crops.