时代、货币与气候：明朝与15世纪中叶的“大萧条”

公元15世纪,特别是15世纪中叶的几十年里,世界各地几乎都经历着一场严重的经济衰退。不同经济体之间的贸易水平下降、货币贬值、手工艺品大量缩减。这一衰退的最低谷在1460年代或者1470年代结束。在随后的60-70年间,世界经济突飞猛进。论文认为,15世纪中叶严重的经济衰退与随后经济的强劲增长是与贵金属生产、分配的剧烈波动以及全球气候模式的巨大变化直接联系在一起的。论文以中国明代为参照,结合中国在15世纪和16世纪初所处的世界地位与所发挥的作用来进行论述。     

2010年大同市主要天气气候事件及特征

2010年,大同市年平均气温较常年偏高0.2℃,春季气温为1971年以来历史同期次低值,夏季气温为次高值;年降水量418.9mm,比常年偏多5%,秋季降水量为1971年以来历史同期第二多。年内,极端天气气候事件频发,多项气象要素突破极值。冬春季持续低温致春播延期、作物发育推迟;夏季全市高温破历史纪录,阶段性干旱明显,局地冰雹及洪涝灾害偏多;秋季连阴雨天气造成涝灾及作物贪青晚熟,春季全市出现大范围大风沙尘天气,给社会经济和人民生活带来较大的损失和影响,其中干旱、冰雹及洪涝造成的损失较为严重。     

“8．17”宁安局部地区暴雨天气分析

对2007年8月17日海林市北部的个别乡镇出现的一次强对流天气过程作了具体分析,探讨在盛夏季节强对流天气造成局地小范围暴雨发生发展的条件。     

一次人工影响天气作业的增雨效果分析

随着科技水平的提高,人工影响天气作业作为防灾减灾的科学手段,其效果和效益越来越受人们关注。采用高炮或火箭向对流云或层状云中播撒碘化银,对云层中的水滴或冰粒子实施人工干预,进行静力催化和动力催化,促进和加速水滴或冰粒增长并下落,达到人工增雨抗旱的目的,其直接效益已得到一致公认。对2012年3月21日聊城市一次人工增雨抗旱作业的直接增雨效果进行了分析,初步得出在初春层状云中实施人工影响天气作业的效果十分明显。     

沈阳“8·21”罕见冰雹防雹天气预警再分析

[目的]分析2011年8月21日18:30～19:30期间发生的冰雹天气。[方法]利用NCEP 6 h再分析资料、Micaps资料、FY-2卫星云图资料,对2011年8月21日18:30～19:30期间发生的冰雹天气的天气形势场、冰雹特征气象要素场和卫星云图进行再分析,探讨此次冰雹的天气成因及冰雹云的云图特征,总结如何从实况天气资料及数值预报产品进行防雹天气预警分析。[结果]此次冰雹天气的发生发展过程,高空500 hPa冷涡是背景天气系统,低空850 hPa暖舌和地面风切变是形成强对流冰雹云的必要条件;分析尽早时次的天气图,可以从天气系统的机理方面分析天气的发生原因,并能尽早地发出天气预警;利用数值预报产品分析冰雹特征气象要素场,可以更进一步地分析并精确地预测冰雹发生的概率、时间以及范围;而红外卫星云图对于对流旺盛的冰雹云的监测更准确,特征更明显,可以更直观地预测冰雹天气的发生。[结论]该研究为今后类似的冰雹天气提供防雹预警经验。     

宁夏北部地区一次大雾天气分析

针对2010年9月30日出现在宁夏北部地区的一次大雾天气进行了综合分析,结果表明,此次大雾天气不仅要考虑冷却条件、风的条件,更要考虑前期500～700 hPa维持较稳定层结及与稳定度有关的物理量场(如T地面-T850值、θse850-θse500值等)变化对大雾天气的指示意义;另外,前期湿度条件的积累也是影响大雾生成的主要原因。     

甘肃省玛曲县人工增雨气象条件分析

分析了甘肃省玛曲县降水的气候背景和天气系统,结果表明,80%的降水是由中尺度对流云团造成。为此,综述了用卫星云图分析青藏高原MCSs活动的特征及其大尺度环境条件和降水的关系,发现青南高原和玛曲对流云团的低云冰水路径,其中心强度为223～245 g/m2,大于东侧的陇南和陕南,而高云光学厚度则相反,玛曲仅为8,是陇南和陕南的44%,显然与高原海拔高度较高有关。玛曲的大降水多由对流云团产生,降水效率较小约为19%～40%,人工增雨潜力应比冷锋高云带大,但小于古巴热带对流云的增雨率39.7%。     

The importance of sub‐peat carbon storage as shown by data from Dartmoor,UK

Peatlands are highly valued for their range of ecosystem services, including distinctive biodiversity, agricultural uses, recreational amenities, water provision, river flow regulation and their capacity to store carbon. There have been a range of estimates of carbon stored in peatlands in the United Kingdom, but uncertainties remain, in particular with regard to depth and bulk density of peat. In addition, very few studies consider the full profile with depth in carbon auditing. The importance of sub‐peat soils within peatland carbon stores has been recognized, but remains poorly understood and is included rarely within peatland carbon audits. This study examines the importance of the carbon store based on a study of blanket peat on Dartmoor, UK, by estimating peat depths in a 4 × 1 km survey area using ground penetrating radar (GPR), extraction of 43 cores across a range of peat depth, and estimation of carbon densities based on measures of loss‐on‐ignition and bulk density. Comparison of GPR estimates of peat depth with core depths shows excellent agreement, to provide the basis for a detailed understanding of the distribution of peat depths within the survey area. Carbon densities of the sub‐peat soils are on average 78 and 53 kg C/m³ for the overlying blanket peat. There is considerable spatial variability in the estimates of total carbon from each core across the survey area, with values ranging between 56.5 kg C/m² (1.01 m total depth of peat and soil) and 524 kg C/m² (6.63 m total depth). Sub‐peat soil carbon represents between 4 and 28 per cent (mean 13.5) of the total carbon stored, with greater values for shallower peat. The results indicate a significant and previously unaccounted store of carbon within blanket peat regions which should be included in future calculations of overall carbon storage. It is argued that this store needs to be considered in carbon audits.     

An economic evaluation of alternative pix application strategies for cotton production using GOSSYM/COMAX

The plant growth regulator pix (mepiquat chloride) is used extensively throughout the USA cotton belt to control excessive plant growth and to enhance early crop maturity in cotton production. Economic returns from pix use can vary greatly across different production environments. This study evaluates the economic returns to dryland cotton obtained from 12 different pix application strategies under two different soil types (Bosket sandy loam and Dundee silty clay loam) and three different weather conditions (normal, cold-wet, and hot-dry) in the Mississippi delta using simulated output from the GOSSYM/COMAX cotton management system. The most profitable pix application strategies varied by soil type. Also, economic returns were larger when using different pix application strategies for different weather conditions as opposed to using one pix application strategy for all weather conditions.     

雷达液位计在黄岛地下油库罐位监测中的应用

在黄岛地下油库改造工程中,分别在１号和３号地下储罐安装了雷达液位计监测系统,该系统可通过天线发出到达介质液面的发射液,检测出其与反射波之间的频率变化,与被测液面距离成正比关系,能够准确地计算出罐存介质的液位,并可同时将液位、温度及裂隙水位等重要数据传至地面控制中心进行监测,减轻了工人的劳动强度,提高了安全生产的保障系数。该系统具有精度度高、传输速度快、防爆性能好及维修方便等特点。介绍了系统的结构原