时间和温度对活性炭与板栗壳吸附铜锌铅镉的影响

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,废水排放引起的水环境重金属污染问题越来越突出,去除污水中的重金属成为水环境保护的重要内容之一。本文选取活性炭与板栗壳作为吸附剂,研究在不同的时间及温度下,这2种吸附剂对废水中的Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附性能影响。研究发现,活性炭作为吸附剂时,Cu2+吸附量最大是在0.5 h时,Zn2+是在3 h时,Pb2+和Cd2+则是1 h时;用板栗壳吸附时,Cu2+和Pb2+吸附量最大在1 h,Zn2+是在1 h时,Cd2+则是0.5 h时。吸附剂为活性炭或板栗壳,温度对Zn2+的吸附率影响都不大;吸附Cu2+时,活性炭受温度的影响大于板栗壳,其吸附率随温度的升高而减小;Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附受温度影响明显,均是40℃时吸附率较高,但板栗壳>活性炭,且Cd2+>Pb2+。     

电场对油葵种子萌发影响的有效时间

电场环境对种子的影响属于当代效应,电场处理种子的生物效应是否存在有效时间,是值得关注的问题.在1.0 ～5.5kV· cm-1场强范围,油葵种子用不同电场条件处理,筛选产生显著性影响的处理条件.再用显著性影响条件处理油葵种子,试验研究电场对种子萌发影响的有效时间.结果表明,电场处理油葵种子显著提高种子的发芽势、发芽率及种子的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性.电场对油葵种子萌发期的影响存在有效时间,有效时间为3周.在电场处理种子技术的应用中,电生物效应的有效时间是应该注意的问题.     

烫漂时间对香椿嫩芽颜色及挥发性风味成分的影响研究

为了研究香椿嫩芽烫漂过程中颜色热降解规律及挥发性风味成分的变化,分别采用分光光度法和光电反射光度法对香椿嫩芽叶绿素含量和色差进行测定,同时利用顶空固相微萃取及GC-MS联用技术对不同烫漂时间下香椿嫩芽的挥发性成分进行鉴定,并对各种处理后的风味物质进行主成分分析。结果表明,香椿嫩芽叶绿素降解和绿色损失均属于一级动力学反应,且叶绿素的减少与绿色损失相关性较好,呈极显著水平。烫漂后香椿嫩芽挥发性成分种类增多,含硫类等呈刺激性气味的化合物相对含量减少,烯类等呈柔和气味增加,提升了香椿的香味品质。综合颜色及挥发性成分随烫漂时间的变化规律,确定最佳烫漂时间为30s。主成分分析结果显示,第1、第2和第3主成分累积贡献率达98.742%,能够较好的代表原始数据所反应的信息。第1主成分包含噻吩类、烯类、醇类和醛类,贡献率大小为噻吩类烯类醇类醛类;第2主成分包含酮类和其它类,贡献率大小为酮类其它类;第3主成分为烃类。本研究结果为香椿嫩芽精深加工过程中颜色和风味的控制提供了理论依据。     

氮肥前移对果棉间作棉花干物质积累和氮肥利用效率的影响

为探究新疆南疆地区果棉间作下棉花适宜的氮肥追施模式,通过随机区组试验设计(N0:不施氮肥、N1:氮肥追施至初花期结束、N2:氮肥追施至盛花期结束、N3:正常施肥,总N 270 kg/hm~2),研究氮肥前移对遮荫下棉花干物质与氮素积累、氮肥利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明:遮荫下棉花氮肥追施至盛花期结束的N2处理,干物质和氮素积累理论最大值、最大生长速率、生长特征值最大;同时提高了氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮收获指数和最大氮素瞬时利用率,有利于遮荫下棉花干物质、氮素积累分配和营养生长向生殖生长转化,而促进产量的形成。皮棉产量以N2最高,分别比N0、N1、N3提高了33.7%、17.4%、10.7%。所以,在新疆南疆果棉间作下,间作棉氮肥追施应适度前移至盛花期(7月中下旬)结束,有利于提高氮肥利用效率和产量。     

陕西省经济实力与环境承载力协调度的时空演变格局

[目的]研究陕西省10个地级市的经济实力与环境承载力的协调度,为未来城市经济发展提供一定的理论参考。[方法]运用熵值法构建经济实力和环境承载力的指标体系,结合耦合协调度模型对经济和环境之间协调度的发展趋势进行研究,并借助ArcGIS工具对二者的空间格局进行探讨。[结果](1)陕西省10个地市的经济发展和环境承载力发展趋势呈现总体上升且稳定发展的态势,各个城市的环境承载力水平较高,发展速度差别不大且波动幅度小。(2)2005—2014年10个城市经济实力与环境承载力的耦合度和耦合协调度变化趋势基本相同,呈缓慢上升趋势;耦合协调度的空间组合不同,陕西省北部和中部城市经济发展和环境承载力的耦合协调度较高,南部城市耦合协调度水平低。[结论]陕西省10个地市经济实力与环境承载力协调度总体差异大,省会西安市所处的关中地区发展好,陕北地区次之,陕南地区的安康市和商洛市经济实力较弱。     

杀菌方式对石榴浊汁微生物和色泽的影响

为探讨不同杀菌方式对石榴浊汁在4℃冷藏期间微生物和色泽品质的影响,本研究采用超高压技术(HPP,450 MPa/1 min、450 MPa/5 min、550 MPa/1 min、550 MPa/5 min)、巴氏杀菌技术(PT,85℃/30 s)和高温短时杀菌技术(HTST,110℃/8.6 s)对石榴浊汁进行杀菌处理,并重点研究了抗坏血酸和色泽参数变化的动力学特征。结果表明,冷藏期间,HPP和HTST处理石榴浊汁微生物在标准范围内。HPP处理能较好地保留石榴浊汁中脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAA)的含量,而PT和HTST处理后DHAA含量较未处理样品(第0天)分别降低了21%和35%;冷藏期间不同杀菌方式处理后DHAA含量均呈下降趋势;经一级动力学模型拟合发现,HPP处理组DHAA的降解速率常数k值高于PT和HTST处理组。与热处理(PT和HTST)相比,冷藏前期,HPP处理能保持石榴浊汁较高的L^*、a^*、b^*值和较低的ΔE值,保持较优的色泽品质;采用一级分数转换动力学模型对L^*、a^*和ΔE值进行拟合,发现HPP处理样品色泽参数在冷藏过程中的k值同样高于热处理样品,即随着冷藏时间的延长,HPP处理组色泽品质逐渐降低。综上所述,HPP处理能在保证石榴浊汁冷藏期间微生物安全的同时,较好地保持其色泽品质。本研究为石榴浊汁工业化生产中杀菌方式的选择提供了理论依据。     

基于HJ时间序列数据的农作物种植面积估算

通过对长时间序列遥感影像的波谱变化特征分析,可以有效地进行农作物种类识别与信息提取,提高农作物种植面积的遥感监测精度。中空间分辨率多光谱遥感影像适合于中国大范围大宗农作物面积监测,也是能够提供稳定时间序列遥感数据源之一。该研究以河北省衡水市为研究区域,采用2011年10月3日-2012年10月24日期间,16景30 m空间分辨率的HJ-1A/B卫星CCD(电荷耦合元件,charge-coupled device)影像月度NDVI(归一化植被指数,normalized difference vegetation index)时间序列数据,针对冬小麦、夏玉米、春玉米、棉花、花生和大豆等主要作物类型,在全生育期波谱特征曲线分析基础上,提取主要作物类型的曲线特征,采用基于NDVI阈值的决策分类技术,进行了农作物种植面积遥感识别,以15个规则的2 km×2 km的地面实测GPS(全球定位系统,global positioning system)样方进行了精度验证。考虑到大豆和花生2种作物的NDVI时间序列特征相似性较高,将这2种作物合并为一类进行分类,并命名为小宗作物。结果表明,冬小麦、夏玉米、春玉米、棉花和小宗作物等5类目标可以有效识别,分类总体精度达到90.9%,制图精度分别为94.7%、94.7%、82.4%、86.9%和81.2%,其他未分类类别精度为85.9%。利用中高分辨率遥感时间序列卫星影像,在大宗农作物时间序列的变化规律分析基础上,可以准确地提取大宗农作物种植面积,在农作物面积资源调查中具有较大的应用潜力。     

Studies on the properties of organic matfer in buried humic horizon derived from volcanic ash

To investigate the relationship between the change of humus property and time factor, the humus composition in the buried humic horizons with the age from 28,000 years B.P. to the present was studied, according to the method presented by Kumada et al. (7).

The fH decreased with the elapse of time and in case of most of humus in the buried humic horizons with the age over 10,000 years, the fH became lower than 40 and were in the form of so-called ‘combined’ humus.

When 3,000-4,000 years have passed since the surface soil buried, the humic acid first moved . to ‘combined form.’ Second, after over 10,000 years, the fulvic acid moved to ‘combined form.’

The humification of ‘free’ humic acid proceeded with the elapse of time till around 5,000 years but of 'combined' humic acid till around 7,000 years. Both the humification-degree of ‘free’ humic acid after around 5,000 years and of ‘combined’ humic acid after around 7,000 years decreased. The humification-degree of ‘free’ and ‘combined’ humic acid from the samples with the age about 15,000 years B.P. to 28,000 years B.P. may be the same.     

Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool, wet climate of central Norway

Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.     

重组K88黏附素亚单位蛋白在大肠杆菌中的诱导表达

采用响应面分析方法,对肠毒素大肠杆菌(EnterotoxigenicEscherichiacoli)K88黏附素亚单位重组蛋白FaeG诱导表达的主要影响因素进行了优化研究。响应面分析结果表明:不同的诱导时机、IPTG浓度及诱导时间对目的蛋白表达量均有显著影响(P<0.01),三因素之间的交互作用对目的蛋白表达量也有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。通过进一步的模拟优化,得到了最佳诱导表达条件为培养BL21(K88ac)重组菌株2.5h后,加入IPTG至终浓度0.8mmol/L,37℃诱导培养5h。采用以上参数进行验证实验,得到目的蛋白在全菌蛋白中的表达含量为35.4%;与单次单因子法得到的最佳表达条件下的表达量(27.5%)相比,提高了28.7%。采用响应面分析法可以确定IPTG的诱导时机、诱导浓度及诱导时间等多个因素对重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达的最佳作用条件,有利于提高目的蛋白的表达量。