Assessment of surface and sub-surface waterlogged areas in irrigation command areas of Bihar state using remote sensing and GIS

Satellite remote sensing coupled with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) offers an excellent alternative to conventional mapping techniques in monitoring and mapping of surface and sub-surface waterlogged areas. In the present study, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon surface waterlogged areas were delineated in all the 132 irrigation command areas of the Bihar State, India using Indian Remote Sensing (IRS-1D) Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor (LISS-III) data acquired during the period 2002–2003. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was used primarily to delineate surface waterlogged areas. Perennial waterlogged and seasonal waterlogged areas were identified for the study area by integrating the waterlogged areas derived for both the pre- and post-monsoon seasons under GIS environment. Results show that the total surface waterlogged area in Bihar is 628 × 10³ ha, which is 10.57% of command area (5939 × 10³ ha) and spread over 132 command areas. Perennial surface inundation covers 2.95% of the waterlogged area in all the command areas. Maximum waterlogged area is observed in Gandak command (212 × 10³ ha) followed by Eastern Kosi irrigation scheme (116 × 10³ ha) and Sone modernization scheme (82 × 10³ ha), respectively. Further, waterlogged areas induced by rise in groundwater level were also assessed spatially under GIS environment using the ground water level data pertaining to pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the year 2002–2003 which were spread all over the study area. The analysis of pre- and post-monsoon groundwater levels indicates that the area under non-critical category during pre-monsoon period was reduced from 4287 × 10³ ha (72.72% of command) to 1391 × 10³ ha (23.42%) in the post-monsoon. Area under most critical category during post-monsoon period increased from 0.083 × 10³ ha of command area in pre-monsoon period to 50 × 10³ ha. The study demonstrates utility of integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques for assessment of waterlogged areas particularly in regions where waterlogging conditions occur both due to excessive irrigation and accumulation of rain and floodwaters.     

氮肥后移促进受渍夏玉米根系形态恢复和提高花后光合性能

江淮地区受梅雨影响,玉米苗期易发生渍害,如何通过合理运筹氮肥达到减灾效果值得研究。以夏玉米品种‘隆平206’为试验材料,研究不同氮肥运筹方式[氮肥全部基施(N1)、基肥70%+拔节肥30%(N2)、基肥50%+拔节肥50%(N3)和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%(N4)]对苗期受渍夏玉米根系形态和花后光合性能恢复的影响,以期为苗期受渍夏玉米合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,苗期渍水7 d抑制根系生长,根重、根长度、根表面积和根直径均显著降低,渍水对根系形态指标抑制效应表现为:根长度根表面积根直径。氮肥后移对渍水后根系生长有显著的补偿效应,氮肥后移量增加,根重、根长度和根表面积显著增加。渍水胁迫解除后18 d,N1-N4处理根长度较渍水前提高1.9~5.1倍,根表面积提高6.3~10.3倍,根直径提高0.7~1.0倍,氮肥后移对根系形态指标补偿生长效应强弱表现为:根表面积根长度根直径。渍水使群体叶面积系数降低9.3%~22.5%,氮肥后移可提高群体叶面积系数,较全部基施处理提高3.2%~20.7%。苗期渍水7 d显著降低灌浆期间穗位叶片的光合能力,净光合速率下降,灌浆中期和末期净光合速率分别下降16.1%和28.9%,灌浆后期光合能力下降幅度高于对照,非气孔限制是导致渍水胁迫下净光合速率下降的主要原因。渍水胁迫下,氮肥后移处理改善了穗位叶光合性能,光合能力优于氮肥前移处理。在苗期易导致渍害的地区适当减少基肥比例,后移氮素至拔节期和大喇叭口期,能够对受渍夏玉米起到较好的补偿生长效应。     

湿涝胁迫对不同种质花生生长和农艺性状的影响

研究了花生营养生长末期至开花期根部淹没处理对18个不同耐涝性品种的影响.结果表明, 湿涝使多数花生品种株高降低, 单株分枝数、总果数与饱果数减少, 而果、仁生长得以促进且饱满度提高.经过湿涝处理后, 基于性状变化的品种聚类分析结果与基于产量变化的品种耐涝性分类有较高统一性(18个品种可归类为6个性状变化类型), 又有一定差异性, 即多数湿涝敏感品种的果、仁数量或重量性状不同步变化, 而经过湿涝生态压力选择选育的绝大多数耐性品种表现为株型变小, 果、仁数量或重量性状同步增长, 且饱果数率、饱果重率提高.说明耐湿涝生态育种是有成效的.在需水较多的生育期(营养生长末期至开花期), 只要有流水通过且花生植株顶部不被淹没, 湿涝的影响是有限的, 对多数耐涝品种甚至可促进果仁发育.因此, 对花生受洪涝灾害影响的评估, 应因湿涝程度、发育时期、品种耐性而异.     

氮肥运筹方式对孕穗期受渍冬小麦穗部结实特性与产量的影响

以小麦品种皖麦54为试验材料,连续两个生长季进行了氮肥运筹方式对孕穗期渍水冬小麦不同小穗位、粒位的结实粒数和粒重影响的观测。结果表明,不同氮肥运筹方式显著影响穗部结实特性,主茎穗结实特性优于分蘖穗。全部基施的氮肥运筹方式较基肥50%+拔节肥50%和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%的运筹方式显著增加了不孕小穗数,降低结实小穗数和结实粒数,2008—2010两年度全部基肥运筹方式较基肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%氮肥运筹方式处理不孕小穗数分别增加25.5%和29.8%,结实小穗数均降低5.7%。孕穗期渍水逆境对分蘖穗结实特性影响大于主茎穗,渍水逆境显著增加不孕小穗数,较对照处理,2008—2010两年度,不孕小穗数分别增加10.6%和4.6%;结实小穗数分别降低2.8%和1.4%。孕穗期渍水降低主茎穗结实4粒的小穗数比例和分蘖穗结实3、4粒小穗数的比例及第3、第4粒位籽粒粒重和第3、第4粒位粒重对单穗粒重的贡献率。氮肥后移运筹方式显著提高孕穗期受渍小麦主茎、分蘖穗结实小穗数和粒重,增加主茎和分蘖穗结实3、4粒小穗的比例和结实小穗第3、4粒位的粒重,提高第3、4粒位粒重对单穗粒重的贡献率,减少不孕小穗数,进而较氮肥前移处理显著提高经济产量。氮肥后移运筹方式有利于减轻孕穗期渍害对小麦穗部结实特性的影响。     

成熟期短时渍水胁迫对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶及主要碳、氮化合物含量的影响

以烤烟云烟97为材料,采用田间试验研究了成熟期短时渍水处理对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶活性及主要碳、氮化合物含量的影响。结果表明,在烤烟成熟期渍水处理3 d,中部叶片硝酸还原酶活性低于对照,降幅为20.39%;转化酶和淀粉酶活性高于对照,增幅分别为33.14%,56.70%;烟叶淀粉、总氮和烟碱含量有降低趋势,分别下降了2.9,0.74,0.77个百分点,而总糖和还原糖含量有增加趋势,分别上升了1.33,0.46个百分点。说明渍水胁迫使叶片生理代谢紊乱,氮代谢减弱,碳水化合物积累减少。研究结果有助于从生理生化角度揭示成熟期渍水胁迫对烤烟生长和品质形成影响的机制。     

基于决策树和随机森林模型的湖北油菜产量限制因子分析

利用1961-2014年湖北省主产县油菜产量统计资料及同期气象观测资料,采用决策树和随机森林模型,对影响油菜产量的气候因子进行分析。结果表明：温度、日照时数及干旱、湿渍害对油菜产量均有不同程度的影响,且因生育期不同而存在差异。油菜开花期以前对低温敏感,开花期以后对高温敏感;苗期和蕾薹期对干旱较敏感,开花期和角果期对湿渍害更敏感;日照时数对油菜产量的影响受水分状况的制约,在干旱状况下日照偏多不利于产量形成,偏湿状况下则表现为日照越多越有利于产量形成。在各限制因子中,以湿渍害发生频率对油菜产量的影响最高,其次是干旱和冻害。湿渍害对产量的影响以高湿寡照的次生灾害影响较土壤偏湿的直接影响更大     

大田淹水对夏玉米光合特性的影响

选用登海605和郑单958为试验材料,在大田条件下设置淹水时期(三叶期、拔节期、花后10 d)和淹水持续时间(淹水3 d和6 d)处理研究淹水对夏玉米光合特性的影响。结果表明,淹水胁迫后叶面积指数和叶绿素含量显著下降,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)显著降低,三叶期淹水6 d对其影响最显著,开花期郑单958和登海605功能叶片的Pn、Gs、Ci较对照的分别下降21.24%、33.65%、16.49%和24.50%、32.31%、10.99%。淹水后叶片的Fv/Fm、Fm/Fo、ΦPSII显著下降,三叶期淹水6 d后影响最显著,登海605和郑单958分别下降16.86%、17.12%、11.67%和13.58%、21.40%、22.52%,这是导致夏玉米产量显著下降的主要光合生理机制,三叶期淹水6 d产量降幅最大,登海605和郑单958较对照分别下降41.51%和40.96%。三叶期淹水造成的影响最大,拔节期淹水次之,开花后10 d淹水造成的影响较小,其影响随淹水持续时间的延长而加剧。     

渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为研究渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对小麦产量及其构成因素的定量化影响,以扬麦13号为供试品种,在拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期,开展不同渍害胁迫持续时间（0、5、10和15 d）的盆栽试验,观测不同渍害胁迫处理下小麦产量及其构成因素的变化。结果表明,不同生育时期发生渍害胁迫均可导致小麦减产,且随渍害胁迫时间的延长,小麦产量下降均达到显著水平（P<0.05）。渍害胁迫造成的减产呈现为孕穗期>拔节期>灌浆期,渍害胁迫每增加1天,孕穗期、拔节期和灌浆期小麦单株产量分别下降0.79、0.59和0.48 g,表明孕穗期是小麦渍害胁迫的敏感期。此外,不同生育时期渍害胁迫对小麦产量构成的影响存在明显差异。拔节期渍害胁迫同时降低小麦株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,但主要通过降低小麦穗粒数造成产量下降;灌浆期渍害胁迫对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响较小,主要通过降低千粒重造成小麦产量下降;孕穗期处于小麦从营养生长转为生殖生长阶段,此时发生渍害胁迫,对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响大于灌浆期,对千粒重的影响大于拔节期,因此,孕穗期渍害胁迫造成小麦减产最严重。为预防渍害胁迫造成小麦严重减产,应在孕穗期前后密切关注天气状况,在田间及时开沟排水。     

渍涝胁迫对烤烟的影响研究进展

渍涝胁迫是我国南方烟区烤烟生产中重要的非生物逆境之一。通过综述渍涝胁迫对烤烟相关酶类、光合作用、化学成分、农艺性状和产质量的影响研究现状,旨在为推广抗渍涝胁迫农艺措施、研究烤烟渍涝灾害救治追肥技术和选育耐渍涝胁迫品种,获得优质适产的烤烟烟叶提供理论依据。     

Pot study on wheat growth in saline and waterlogged compacted soil: II. Root growth and leaf ionic relations

Soil compaction affects plant growth by causing increased resistance to root penetration and a decreased uptake of water and ions. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil compaction in conjunction with the soil salinity and waterlogging on root growth and leaf ionic composition of two wheat genotypes (Aqaab and MH-97). Compaction was achieved at a 10% soil moisture content by dropping 5 kg weight, controlled by a tripod stand for 20 times from 0.6 m height on a wooden block placed inside the soil-filled pots. Soil bulk density of non-compact and compact treatments was measured as 1.21 and 1.65 Mg m⁻³, respectively. The desired salinity level (15 dS m⁻¹) was developed by mixing required amount of NaCl in the soil before filling the pots. Waterlogging was developed by flooding the pots for 21 days both at tillering and booting stages. Compaction significantly reduced the root length density (RLD) of both the wheat genotypes while the combined effect of compaction×salinity was more drastic on root length density than compaction alone. Waterlogging however, did not decrease the root length density, rather it mitigated the effect of compaction. Compaction decreased the concentration of K⁺ and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio in leaves. Salinity also decreased the concentration of K⁺ and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, but increased the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the crop leaves. Salinity and compaction interacted to cause a greater reduction in K⁺ concentration and the K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, while there was lesser increase in the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ compared with salinity alone. Waterlogging also decreased the concentration of K⁺ and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio in leaves. It intensified the effect of salinity but decreased the effect of compaction on leaf ionic composition. Therefore, the effect of compaction on root growth and ion uptake is more severe under salt-affected soil conditions than under normal soil conditions while occasional waterlogging of a compact soil for a few days makes the soil conditions favorable for root growth both under non-saline as well as saline soil conditions. Also, the performance of a genotype in stressed environment is related to maintenance of higher root length density, leaf K⁺ concentration and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio and lower leaf Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations.