Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes

Nitrous oxide emissions from a sandy-loam textured soil wetted to matric potentials of either-1.0 or-0.1 kPa were determined in laboratory experiments in which the soil was incubated in air (control), air plus 10 Pa C₂H₂ (to inhibit nitrification), 100 kPa O₂ (to suppress denitrification), 10 kPa C₂H₂ (to inhibit N₂O reduction to N₂ in denitrification) or following autoclaving. The total N₂O production, consumption and net N₂O emission from the soils together with the contributions to N₂O emission from different processes of N₂O production were estimated. The rate of N₂O production was significantly greater in the wetter soil (282 pmol N₂O g^-1 soil h^-1) than in the drier soil (192 pmol N₂O g^-1 soil h^-1), but because N₂O consumption by denitrifiers was also greater in the wetter soil, the net N₂O emissions from the wetter and the drier soils did not differ significantly. Non-biological sources made no significant contribution to N₂O emission under either moisture regime and biological processes other than denitrification and nitrification made only a small contribution (1% of the total N₂O production) in the wetter soil. Denitrifying nitrifiers were the predominant source of N₂O emitted from the drier soil and other (non-nitrifying) denitrifiers were the predominant source of N₂O emitted from the wetter soil.     

外源亚精胺对淹水胁迫玉米的生理调控效应

以玉米单交种登海662(DH662)和浚单20(XD20)为材料, 以盆栽方式研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对淹水胁迫玉米叶片光合、根系生理及产量的调控效应。结果表明, 喷施亚精胺使遭受不同生育阶段淹水胁迫的DH662和XD20产量平均提高12.9%和10.8%。不同生育阶段淹水对玉米影响不同, 两个品种均以苗期淹水影响较大, 且Spd对其正调控效应也最好。喷施亚精胺提高了不同生育阶段淹水处理玉米叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P), 降低了细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)。喷施亚精胺使淹水胁迫后DH662和XD20根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别较单独淹水处理高出14.5%和4.6%, 过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别较淹水处理高出19.9%和18.2%;使DH662和XD20根系的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性增加26.1%和19.6%, 但抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性无明显增加。喷施亚精胺缓解了淹水胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化, 使DH662和XD20根系活力平均增加12.9%, 根系丙二醛(MDA)含量平均降低23.9%。表明叶面喷施亚精胺可有效改善玉米根系和叶片生理功能, 从而降低减产幅度, 但不同玉米品种及其不同生育阶段对亚精胺的调控效应存在差异。     

低温·淹水及其交叉胁迫对烤烟某些生理指标的影响

[目的]研究低温、淹水及其交叉胁迫对烤烟某些生理生化指标的影响,探讨其对烟草生长发育的影响机理。[方法]对盆栽8～9叶龄的3个烤烟主栽品种（K326、云烟85和云烟87）进行淹水、低温及其交叉胁迫处理。处理后的植株在正常条件下生长7 d后测定株高、叶片数和干重及叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量。[结果]淹水、低温及其交叉胁迫后,烟叶叶绿素含量、株高、叶片数和生物量显著下降,烟叶POD活性和MDA含量显著升高。低温及先淹水后低温胁迫后,SOD活性降低,可溶性蛋白质含量升高;淹水及先低温后淹水胁迫后,SOD活性升高,可溶性蛋白质含量有所下降。3个品种中,K326叶片叶绿素含量下降最严重,POD活性的变化幅度最大,MDA含量升高最多,生物量下降最大,说明K326受伤害程度最大,抵抗低温、淹水及其交叉胁迫的能力较差。[结论]该研究可以为烟草的抗性研究积累资料并为烤烟生产中品种的选择提供科学依据。     

油菜生产中常见障碍及对策

分析了在油菜生产过程中遇到的油菜病态苗、油菜高温热害、油菜冻害、油菜早薹旱花、油莱干旱、油菜渍害和油菜收获后连续阴雨天等常见障碍的症状、发生原因,并针对各障碍提出了相应的防治对策．     

两个树种在涝渍胁迫下的生长及生理变化研究

文章通过为期60d田间模拟试验,以1年生落羽杉、乌桕实生苗为试才,采用完全随机试验设计,对两个树种在涝渍胁迫下的生长变化、光合特性及荧光动力学参数进行了初步研究。结果表明:在涝渍处理条件下,两个树种均产生了大量的不定根且生物量增量和相对生长率也表现出对涝渍胁迫的适应性。涝渍处理下,2个树种的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)均显著降低,涝渍程度越强,其下降幅度越大。两个树种相比,落羽杉具有更强的耐涝性。     

拔节期渍水后施用尿素对小麦产量和光合物质生产的影响

为给小麦渍害发生后降损措施的制定提供参考,以扬麦23为供试材料,在拔节期进行连续10 d渍水,研究渍水结束当天叶面喷施尿素(WAP1)、渍水结束当天和7 d后叶面喷施尿素(WAP2)、土壤落干后撒施低量和高量尿素(WAS1和WAS2)对小麦植株光合特性、干物质积累和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,渍水后小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力均下降11%。渍水后施用尿素可恢复籽粒产量6%～24%,增加氮肥偏生产力3%～17%。产量恢复效果不因尿素施用方式而变化,WAP2和WAS2处理优于WAP1和WAS1处理。渍水后施用尿素增加了小穗结实率、每小穗粒数和穗粒数,提高了叶绿素含量,保持了植株花后高光合面积和净光合速率,促进了光合物质的生产。相比WAP1和WAS1处理,WAP2和WAS2处理可较好地延缓旗叶、倒二叶和倒三叶绿色面积比例衰减并恢复其SPAD值,其中叶面喷施尿素可维持更久的光合面积,而撒施尿素可保持较高的叶绿素含量。综合来看,小麦拔节期前后渍水时可及时施用尿素,且具有显著的补救效果。     

植物抗涝性研究进展

综述了涝渍胁迫对植物的生长形态、生理生化变化等方面的影响,论述了植物抗涝的机制,总结了植物涝渍胁迫研究的方法,阐述了植物涝渍胁迫研究方面存在的问题,提出了利用生物技术克隆耐涝基因,通过转基因技术培育抗涝性植物新品种,同时加强植物的田间管理等提高植物抗涝性的途径.     

不同生育时期渍水对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

渍害是南方稻茬小麦高产障碍因子之一。2011—2013年以小麦品种‘川麦104’和‘内麦836’为材料,设置对照(CK)和不同时期渍水处理(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期,渍水时间均为35 d),测定花后旗叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶绿素荧光参数和籽粒灌浆参数,以明确不同生育期渍水对小麦光合特性及籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,随时间推移,花后0~25 d,两品种的SPAD值和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ、q P和NPQ)变化不大;到花后35 d,SPAD值、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0和ΦPSⅡ急剧下降,NPQ明显上升。渍水处理对花后15 d和25 d的SPAD值和多数叶绿素荧光参数无显著影响;花后35 d,分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水的SPAD、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ和q P显著高于对照,NPQ则显著低于对照。分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水对粒重及籽粒灌浆进程影响较小,拔节期渍水和孕穗期渍水显著提高了灌浆速率、缩短了灌浆持续时间,粒重较低。粒重与SPAD值呈显著正相关,粒重和SPAD值均与灌浆速率无相关性,但与灌浆持续时间(有效灌浆期和活跃灌浆期)、尤其灌浆中后期(快增期和缓增期)呈显著正相关。‘川麦104’在灌浆期均表现出较高SPAD值、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ和q P。结果表明,分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水对旗叶花后光合能力及灌浆进程影响较小,在四川稻茬小麦栽培管理中,应重视拔节期和孕穗期渍害的排除,以保证花后较高的光合能力及较长籽粒灌浆时间,从而保证较高粒重。     

8种不同药剂对西瓜涝害胁迫的恢复效果初探

为解决生产中西瓜膨大期易遭受涝害胁迫问题,以盐城地区主栽的西瓜品种为材料,在涝害胁迫下,通过喷洒8种药剂缓解涝害胁迫,比较不同药剂对西瓜的产量、品质和生理指标的影响。结果表明,在单果重和产量方面快生的恢复效果最好,差异均达显著,分别增加了27.22%和27.31%。基因活化剂、爱多收、细胞分裂素等外援药剂在一定程度上可有效缓解涝害胁迫对西瓜的伤害,抑制叶片MDA产生（爱多收效果最显著,降低了54.01%）,提升PAL活性（细胞分裂素效果最佳,提升了72.22%）,增强根系活力（基因活化剂效果最好,增加485.16%）,使植株维持良好的吸收水分和养分的能力。     

Rising water table: A threat to sustainable agriculture in an irrigated semi-arid region of Haryana, India

The sustainability of the rice-wheat cropping system in an irrigated semi-arid area of Haryana State (India) is under threat due to the continuous rise in the poor quality groundwater table, which is caused by the geo-hydrological condition and poor irrigation water management. About 500,000 ha in the State are waterlogged and unproductive and the size of the waterlogged area is increasing. We analyse the hydrology and estimate seasonal net groundwater recharge in the study area. Rainfall is quite variable, particularly in the monsoon season, and the mean monthly reference evapotranspiration shows a high inter-annual variation, with values between 2.45 and 8.47 mm/day in December and May. Groundwater recharge analysis during the study period (1989-2008) reveals that percolation from irrigated fields is the main recharge component with 57% contribution to the total recharge. An annual groundwater table rise of 0.137 m has been estimated for the study area. As the water table has been rising continuously, suitable water management strategies such as increasing groundwater abstraction by installing more tubewells, using the groundwater conjunctively with good quality canal water, changes in cropping patterns, adoption of salt tolerant crops, changes in water-pricing policy, and matching water supply more closely with demand, are suggested to bring the water table down to a safe limit and to prevent further rising of the water table.