Specific Variation in Shoot Growth and Root Traits Under Waterlogging Conditions of The Seedlings of Tribe Triticeae including Mizutakamoji (Agropyron Humidum)

Abstract

Waterlogging Stress is An Important Limiting Factor For Wheat and Barley Production. Waterlogging Tolerance Was Evaluated in The Seedlings of Seven Species From The Tribe Triticeae, including Wheat, Barley, Durum Wheat, Rye (Diploid and Tetraploid), Triticale, Einkorn Wheat, and Mizutakamoji (Agropyron Humidum), To Acquire Basic information About Their Variation in Waterlogging Tolerance and To Elucidate Opportunities For Genetic Improvement of Waterlogging Tolerance in Cultivated Wheat and Barley. The Seedlings At The One Leaf Stage Were Subjected To Waterlogging For 0 (Control: Ct) Or 12 Days (Waterlogging: Wt) in Plastic Cups (12 Cm Tall, 8 Cm in Diameter), and The Morphological Traits of Shoots and Roots Were Measured. Shoot Dry Weights (Dw) of Wheat (Cv. Norin 61) and Barley (Cv. Benkeimugi) Were Lower Under Wt By 73% and 59%, Respectively, Than Those in Ct. of All The Evaluated Genotypes, Only A. Humidum SHowed No Reduction in Shoot Dw Under Wt. The Relative Shoot Dw (W/C in Shoot Dw; Proportion of Shoot Dw in Wt To That in Ct) Was Significantly Correlated With Relative Root Dw (W/C in Root Dw). The W/C in Root Dw Correlated Significantly With W/C in The Number and Length of Adventitious Roots, and With W/C in Frequency of Branching Roots On The Seminal Root, Suggesting That Development of Adventitious Roots and Branching Roots Under Wt Might Be Related To Waterlogging Tolerance in Tribe Triticeae. The Results of This Study indicated That Wild Species of Tribe Triticeae, Such As A. Humidum, Might Be Useful Resources To Analyze Waterlogging Tolerance in Cultivated Wheat and Barley.     

花生等农作物耐湿涝性研究进展

湿涝危害是世界湿润地区、半干旱地区农作物生产中的一个严重问题.一些农作物的湿涝研究已取得一定进展,但有关花生湿涝的研究有待拓宽和深化.为此,从湿涝对花生等作物的影响、作物耐湿涝机制以及作物耐湿涝的遗传改良等方面,综述了世界花生及其它农作物的耐湿涝性研究进展.     

基于数字图像特征的冬小麦渍害监测研究

为探索渍害胁迫下冬小麦灾损程度的可视化监测方法,通过田间试验,分析了麦田16个常用图像特征指数在不同受渍时间下的变化特征及其与冬小麦SPAD值、产量和千粒重的相关关系,并建立了基于图像特征指数衰减量的冬小麦渍害估算模型。结果表明,随渍水时间的增加,红光(R)、红光标准化值(NRI)、超红指数(EXR)、植被颜色指数(CIVE)极显著上升,而绿光标准化值(NGI)、归一化绿红差值指数(NGRDI)、绿-红差值指数(GMR)、超绿指数(EXG)、绿红比值指数(GRVI)则极显著下降;且这9个图像特征指数均与冬小麦SPAD值、产量和千粒重呈极显著相关,相关系数的最大绝对值分别为0.92、0.85和0.91;基于图像指数衰减量所建的SPAD值、产量和千粒重减少量的估算模型均以二次多项式最优,且以CIVE指数衰减量构建的SPAD值、产量和千粒重减少量估算模型的预测精度最高,验证集决定系数分别达到0.98、0.95、0.96。因此,数字图像技术可用于冬小麦渍害监测,且以基于CIVE指数的监测效果最佳。     

玉米ZmGly基因不同非生物胁迫下的表达特性与ZmGly1基因的克隆

植物乙二醛酶系统在清除非生物胁迫产生的甲基乙二醛(MG)中起着重要作用。玉米基因组中有3个编码乙二醛酶基因(ZmGly1、ZmGly2和ZmGly3)。利用qRT-PCR技术解析ZmGly在玉米不同组织器官和不同胁迫条件下的表达差异,克隆MG降解关键基因ZmGly1。结果表明,ZmGly1和ZmGly2在叶片中的相对表达量较高,ZmGly3在茎中的表达量较高。除涝害处理下表达量降低外,ZmGly1和ZmGly3叶片中的相对表达量在干旱、盐、高温和低温处理下均随处理时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势;ZmGly2在所有胁迫处理下均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。测序结果表明,克隆到的ZmGly1片段大小及序列正确。ZmGly在不同器官中的表达不仅具有特异性,而且对不同非生物逆境胁迫的响应各异。     

渍水对冬油菜苗期生长及生理的影响

以中双9号油菜为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苗期不同渍水时间对冬油菜生长和生理指标的影响。结果发现,光合色素含量在整个试验期间一直下降。其它生长及生理指标均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,其中相对生长率、根系活力、可溶性糖、根系丙二醛（MDA）含量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在渍水第13d时达到最高,而叶片MDA含量则在渍水胁迫24d时达到最大值。说明渍水胁迫对冬油菜幼苗地上部和根系生长产生显著影响。短期渍水胁迫下,油菜幼苗能够通过调节自身的生理代谢活动,维持一定的生长量;但是随着胁迫时间的延长,植株生理活动受到严重影响,油菜幼苗生长受抑制,相对生长率显著降低。     

水分胁迫下水杨酸对毛豆幼苗生长及其抗渍性的影响

在水分胁迫下采用不同浓度的水杨酸对毛豆幼苗进行叶面喷施处理,测定其对毛豆幼苗生长及其抗渍性的影响。试验结果表明:采用一定浓度的水杨酸处理可以促进苗生长、提高根系活力、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量和抑制丙二醛增生、降低细胞膜透性,增强了毛豆幼苗对渍水环境的抵抗能力。从叶面喷施对毛豆的营养指标和生理指标进行综合判断可知:在试验的范围内,以2mmol/L水杨酸的处理效果为最佳     

近滨海盐碱地暗管排水条件下地下水埋深动态变化模拟

农田暗管排水工程是近滨海地区盐碱地防御涝渍害、降低土壤盐分和促进作物生长的重要措施。本文应用DRAINMOD模型对河北沧州近滨海暗管排水排盐试验区(暗管埋深1.2 m,间距30 m),2011年6—9月的地下水埋深进行了模拟,并对不同控制性排水方案(无强制排水,地下水埋深控制在50 cm、80 cm和100 cm)下地下水埋深的变化进行了预测。模型所需参数(气象数据、作物数据、土壤参数和排水数据)由室内试验、田间试验和实地观测得到。研究结果表明:DRAINMOD在该地区的模拟值与观测值拟合较好,效率系数为0.67,相对误差系数为6.15%,反映出模型良好的模拟性能;农田暗管排水系统能明显降低涝渍害的发生,即使发生强降水,也能在2 d内将地下水埋深控制在60 cm以下,而若无强制排水地下水埋深需在15 d后降至60 cm;对不同排水方案模拟效果的比较表明,试验区在夏季控制性排水中,将地下水埋深控制在80 cm左右较为合适。综上,DRAINMOD模型可以很好地应用于地下水埋深变化的预测中。因此,在未来的研究中,近滨海盐碱区可以通过DRAINMOD模型模拟地下水埋深变化,从而为农田排水系统的设计提供理论依据,为暗管排水管理制度的建立提供科学的选择方法。     

Effects of Waterlogging on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Six Barley Genotypes with Different Waterlogging Tolerance

A field experiment was carried out to study genotypic difference in the effect of waterlogging on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzyme activities in barley. Waterlogging caused a rapid decline in net photosynthetic rate (Ph) and stomatal conductance (gs), and little change in chlorophyll content during early days of the treatment. A dramatic increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in waterlogged plants in the early days of the experiment was found, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in barley plants exposed to waterlogging. There was a highly significant difference in the changed extent of all these parameters among genotypes.Franklin and Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai, which were relatively sensitive to waterlogging in terms of growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, accumulated much more MDA than the other two relatively tolerant genotypes (93-3143 and QS).After removal of waterlogging, the genotypic difference became much greater in recovering of these examined parameters.Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai showed higher recovery, while Franklin only recovered to 50% of the control at the 14 day after waterlogging removal. It may be concluded that it is the difference in anti-oxidative stress caused by waterlogging that account for the major difference in photosynthesis among barley genotypes.     

旱涝急转对不同花生品种生理生化指标的影响

为探讨旱涝急转对花生生理生化的影响,以不同旱涝耐性的3个花生品种中花8号（抗旱）、豫花15（耐涝）和湘花2008（旱涝兼耐）为材料,进行不同梯度的先旱、后涝连续处理,比较不同花生品种的叶片相对含水量,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况。结果表明,在旱、涝急转的胁迫过程中,干旱对叶片相对含水量的影响甚于湿涝。一定强度的旱或涝胁迫总体上均可使花生叶片的4种抗氧化酶POD、SOD、CAT、GR活性提高,随着胁迫的加深活性降低,复水后活性回落至对照水平,且旱甚于涝。MDA含量总体变化趋势是干旱胁迫下各品种花生叶片中MDA含量有所升高,并于复水解除干旱胁迫后恢复至对照水平;而湿涝处理阶段,MDA含量呈直线上升趋势,在胁迫解除后有所降低。中花8号、豫花15、湘花2008等3个花生品种具有显著不同的水分适应性,中花8号抗旱性更强而耐涝性较弱,豫花15抗旱性较弱而耐涝性强,湘花2008抗旱性中等而耐涝性更强,为水分广适性品种。     

5种木兰科Magnoliaceae植物的耐涝性研究

以5种木兰科Magnoliaceae植物的2年生实生苗为试材,观察分析淹水胁迫下植株的生长和形态指标,探讨木兰科植物的耐涝性。结果表明:星花玉兰Magnolia polytepala、多瓣紫玉兰Yulania stellate有很强的耐涝性,二者存活率为100%,叶片受害指数仅分别为15.2和13.6,淹水中后期出现生长量增加,茎基部皮孔长出白色短粗不定根。‘绿星’玉兰M.‘LüXing’、黄山玉兰Y. cylindrica耐涝性较差,但种内不同个体间的耐涝性差异较大,存活率为0%和12%,叶片受害指数100和97.6。洛氏木兰‘皮鲁埃特’M.×loebneri ‘Mag's pirouette’耐涝性居中,存活率为84%,叶片受害指数57.0,淹水末期出现了轻微生长恢复,未出现不定根。5种木兰科植物的耐涝性由强到弱依次为多瓣紫玉兰>星花玉兰>洛氏木兰‘皮鲁埃特’>黄山玉兰>‘绿星’玉兰。