拔节期和花后渍水对小麦产量、干物质及氮素积累和转运的影响

为给长江中下游小麦大面积高产稳产栽培提供理论与实践依据,以扬辐麦4号为材料,研究拔节期和花后连续渍水5d、10d和15d对小麦产量及其构成因素、干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响。结果表明,拔节期和花后渍水处理均显著降低了小麦产量、穗粒数、千粒重,并显著降低了成熟期根和地上部、花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量及根冠比。随渍水时间的延长,渍水对产量及其构成因素、干物质和氮素积累及转运量的影响总体呈增大趋势;籽粒产量、穗粒数、花后地上部干物质与氮素积累量、根冠比在渍水5d和10d间差异不显著,渍水5d和15d间差异显著。拔节期与花后短期渍水处理间产量差异不显著,但花后渍水15d产量显著低于拔节期渍水。花后渍水对千粒重、花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量、花前地上部干物质转运量的影响较大。     

6-BA对小麦开花期渍害的缓减效应

为了解6-苄氨基嘌呤(BA)对小麦开花期渍害的减缓效应,在大田条件下,于2012-2013和2013-2014年度,以郑麦9023为材料,研究了开花期喷施BA对小麦光合、干物积累及产量的影响。结果表明,开花期渍水使小麦两年分别减产51.4%和52.3%,减产的主要原因是千粒重和穗粒数降低,尤其是千粒重的下降,而穗粒数的减少主要归因于弱势粒的减少(两年分别减少21.4%和71.4%)。渍水前喷施6-BA处理比渍水处理显著增产,两年分别增产7.8%和31.6%,增产的主要原因是提高了千粒重和穗粒数。渍水前喷施6-BA可提高旗叶光合速率及SPAD值、干物质积累总量及收获指数,缓减旗叶及倒三叶衰老。说明渍水前喷施6-BA可通过促进小麦光合作用和干物质积累及其向籽粒的分配,减缓渍水对产量形成的不利影响。     

2021年秋季气象条件对农业生产的影响评价

2021年秋季（9−11月）,全国平均气温为10.5℃,较常年同期偏高;全国平均降水量为157.9mm,为1961年来最高值,尤其西北地区、华北、黄淮区域平均降水量均为1961年以来历史同期最高值;全国平均日照时数为564.9h,为1961年以来第9低值。东北地区大部初霜期较常年明显偏晚,全国秋收区光温条件总体利于作物灌浆成熟和收晒。西北地区东部、华北大部和黄淮北部秋季前期多雨和寡照突出,属典型“埋汰秋”,麦播期普遍推迟7～15d,秋季中后期天气转好,冬小麦播种速度加快。秋末华北、黄淮、西北地区东部冬小麦发育期较常年普遍偏晚7～25d,处于分蘖期的占比低于常年和2020年同期,全国冬小麦晚弱苗比例高于常年和2020年同期。南方大部地区秋播期间农田土壤墒情适宜,冬小麦、油菜播种和出苗顺利,发育期基本接近常年。     

玉米的涝害及其防御措施的研究：Ⅲ氮肥用量对减轻涝害的作用

进行了两年的田间试验,以确定土壤肥力及追施N肥量对减轻夏玉米涝害的作用.试验结果指出,淹水5天后玉米幼苗生长非常缓慢,但提高土壤肥力和追施N肥对恢复受涝幼苗生长有明显的作用.同不施N肥小区相比,淹水后每亩追施15和30公斤硫酸铵在中肥地上增产13.8%和22.8%,在高肥地上增产9.3%和11.2%.但两种地力水平之间产量差异不显著.     

湿害后小麦生理变化与品种耐湿性的关系

 选用 12个小麦品种 (系 )为材料 ,研究了湿害对小麦某些生理特性的影响 ,以及小麦耐湿性与其自身某些性状间的关系。结果表明 ,湿害使植株的根系活力下降 ,旗叶丙二醛含量增加 ,旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、相对含水量下降 ,对植株体内有机物的含量产生较大的影响 ,从而使得单株粒数及千粒重下降 ,最终导致单株产量下降 ;孕穗期小麦的旗叶保水力、次生根游离氨基酸含量、次生根淀粉含量、成熟期主穗穗重占单株产量的百分比与小麦的耐湿性呈极显著相关 ,孕穗期旗叶丙二醛含量、旗叶相对含水量、叶部游离氨基酸含量等指标与小麦的耐湿性呈显著相关。这些性状可作为耐湿育种的参考指标。     

水分胁迫下水杨酸对毛豆幼苗生长及其抗渍性的影响

在水分胁迫下采用不同浓度的水杨酸对毛豆幼苗进行叶面喷施处理,测定其对毛豆幼苗生长及其抗渍性的影响。试验结果表明:采用一定浓度的水杨酸处理可以促进苗生长、提高根系活力、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量和抑制丙二醛增生、降低细胞膜透性,增强了毛豆幼苗对渍水环境的抵抗能力。从叶面喷施对毛豆的营养指标和生理指标进行综合判断可知:在试验的范围内,以2mmol/L水杨酸的处理效果为最佳     

Preservation of nitrifying capacity and nitrate availability in waterlogged soils by radial oxygen loss from roots of wetland plants

The effects of radial O₂ loss from roots on nitrification and NO _inf3 ^sup- availability were studied. Plants of the flooding-resistant species Rumex palustris and the flooding-sensitive species Rumex thyrsiflorus were grown on drained and waterlogged soils with an initially high nitrifying capacity. Nitrate reductase activity in the plant leaves was used as an indicator of NO _inf3 ^sup- availability to the plants. In a separate experiment these species were shown to have higher levels of nitrate reductase activity when NO _inf3 ^sup- was added to the soils compared to when only NH _inf4 ^sup+ was provided. In drained soils nitrification was maintained and both plant species showed relatively high nitrate reductase activities in their leaves. In the water-logged series planted with R. thyrsiflorus, nitrification was inhibited, NH _inf4 ^sup+ accumulated, and the plants grew less well compared to those on drained soils. In contrast, waterlogged soils planted with R. palustris had a redox potential high enough for O₂ to be continuously replenished. Furthermore, the nitrifying capacity of these latter soils was maintained at a high level. R. palustris grew well and NO _inf3 ^sup- must have been available to the plant, since a high level of nitrate reductase activity was observed in the leaves.     

甘蓝型油菜耐湿种质资源的快速筛选

将不同来源甘蓝型油菜种质资源种子发芽60h,取露白种子进行密闭水淹缺氧处理12h后转入砂床继续 发芽,未作缺氧处理的露白种子作为对照, 6d后测定发芽相关性状,根据发芽性状差异评价油菜耐湿性。结果表 明,与对照相比,缺氧处理对油菜幼苗生长具有显著的抑制作用:平均相对根长为24. 7% ,平均相对茎长和鲜重分 别为59. 7%、69. 1% ,平均相对成苗率为79. 4% ,平均相对活力指数(RV I)为0. 49。相关分析表明, RV I、电导率、相 对成苗率、相对根长、相对茎长、相对鲜重等各发芽相关性状均相互呈极显著相关,其中相对活力指数可以全面评 估甘蓝型油菜在缺氧胁迫后的恢复生长能力,而电导率可以作为耐湿材料高通量早期筛选的指标。不同材料RV I 呈正态分布,变幅为0. 04～0. 92,表明甘蓝型油菜种质资源耐湿性存在十分丰富的遗传差异,其中03P79 - 1、03P62 - 5、中双8号等品系(种)具有较强的耐湿性,可以作为耐湿性资源加以利用。     

Effects of Waterlogging on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Six Barley Genotypes with Different Waterlogging Tolerance

A field experiment was carried out to study genotypic difference in the effect of waterlogging on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzyme activities in barley. Waterlogging caused a rapid decline in net photosynthetic rate (Ph) and stomatal conductance (gs), and little change in chlorophyll content during early days of the treatment. A dramatic increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in waterlogged plants in the early days of the experiment was found, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in barley plants exposed to waterlogging. There was a highly significant difference in the changed extent of all these parameters among genotypes.Franklin and Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai, which were relatively sensitive to waterlogging in terms of growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, accumulated much more MDA than the other two relatively tolerant genotypes (93-3143 and QS).After removal of waterlogging, the genotypic difference became much greater in recovering of these examined parameters.Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai showed higher recovery, while Franklin only recovered to 50% of the control at the 14 day after waterlogging removal. It may be concluded that it is the difference in anti-oxidative stress caused by waterlogging that account for the major difference in photosynthesis among barley genotypes.     

滨海盐土暗管排水降渍脱盐效果研究

在江苏省滨海盐土按不同埋深和间距埋设地下暗管,其降渍、脱盐作用主要表现在丰水期(7～9月)内,在试验范围内,10 m间距暗管的降渍效果最显著,但与15 m间距暗管的脱盐效果相差不明显;在较小间距(10 m)时,1.4 m埋深暗管的降渍效果优于1.2 m埋深,埋设间距≥15 m后,埋深对暗管降渍效果无明显影响,而在所有埋设间距处理中,1.4 m埋深暗管的脱盐效果均优于1.2 m埋深。综合比较分析各相关试验结果,并考虑暗管埋设的初期投资和后期维护成本,推荐间距15 m、埋深1.4 m为江苏滨海盐土降渍脱盐的地下暗管工程最佳布设参数。