干法消解——等离子光谱法同时测定大米中的铜和镉

采用干灰化消解技术处理样品,用等离子光谱法（ICP—AES法）同时测定了大米中的铜和镉。实验结果表明：该法测定大米中的铜和镉与用国家标准方法测定结果基本一致,且该方法具有简便、快速、结果准确可靠的优点。     

Screening for low grain cadmium phenotypes in sunflower, durum wheat and flax

Cadmium (Cd) level in nonoilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grown on uncontaminated, alkaline soils has exceeded limits established in Northern Europe. Separate field experiments were conducted to investigate variability of grain Cd levels among sunflower, durum wheat and flax germplasm, and to seek an efficient screening method for future breeding. There were large variations in leaf Cd concentration among 200 sunflower lines. These lines performed more consistently for Cd uptake at the R5 stage than at the V8 stage across 4 locations with markedly differing soils. Cd concentration in V8 leaves was not related to Cd in grain. The positive correlation between R5 leaf Cd and kernel Cd level was obtained from nonoilseed hybrid (Sigco 954) (R²; = 0.74**), and 200 lines (R² = 0.44**) tested over 4 locations in 2 field trials, respectively. This indicates that an efficient and low cost screening method can be developed for genotype selection, but plants must be grown to the R5 stage. A preliminary evaluation of 30 durum wheat and 74 flax lines indicated large variations in grain Cd level of durum wheat and flax. Grain Cd concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.34 mg Cd kg^-1 DW for durum wheat, and 0.14 to 1.37 mg Cd kg^-1 DW for flax, respectively. This variability indicates that breeding for low grain Cd in durum wheat and flax should be feasible. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

镉胁迫对矮生四季豆种子萌发和幼苗生长发育的影响

以水培法研究了不同浓度的Cd2＋溶液对四季豆种子萌发和幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明：当Cd2＋浓度较低时,Cd2＋对种子萌发及幼苗生长发育毒害作用较小,一定浓度范围内（0.05～0.5mg/L）还有促生作用,高浓度Cd2＋(5～100mg/L)能严重抑制四季豆幼苗根及下胚轴的生长;Cd2＋胁迫对四季豆幼苗体内过氧化物酶 (POD),超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性存在低浓度激活和高浓度抑制的效应,且同一浓度的Cd2＋对四季豆幼苗POD、CAT活性的抑制作用表现为根系大于下胚轴,Cd2＋浓度＞0.5mg/L时,根系SOD活性大于下胚轴中的活性;Cd2＋胁迫下,四季豆下胚轴和根的丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,且根部含量大于下胚轴的量。     

Effects of calcium on cadmium uptake and transport in the tree species Gamblea innovans

The effect of calcium (Ca) on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in plants was investigated using Gamblea innovans Sieb. & Zucc., a deciduous tree species that is an accumulator plant for Cd and zinc (Zn). Saplings of G. innovans were grown for 3 months and fed with solutions containing only Ca (+Ca), both Ca and Cd (Ca+Cd), or only Cd (+Cd). The Ca concentration in roots was higher in both treatments containing Cd alone (+Cd) and Ca+Cd compared to roots treated with Ca alone (+Ca). In addition, the Cd concentration in roots was higher in the Ca+Cd treatment than the Cd treatment. This showed that the presence of Ca²⁺ in the rhizosphere relates with Cd uptake into roots. The result that the transport of Cd from roots through stem to leaves was suppressed by Ca treatment indicates that the presence of Ca regulates Cd transport from the roots. A clear correlation between Cd and Zn concentrations in leaves suggests a possibility that the Cd treatment accelerates the transport of Zn into leaves via the same protein transporter in this species.     

Effect of Excess Cadmium and Zinc Ions on Roots and Shoots of Maize Seedlings

The effect of 8-day-old exposure maize seedlings with cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn), separately, are described with special attention being given to ultrastructural changes as well as changes of the growth. These elements, frequent pollutants found in the soil, were added as 1 mM solutions to nutrient solution used for roots and shoots of maize seedlings, investigated 8 days after germination. The symptoms of heavy metal toxicity were clear showing that Cd inhibits root growth more strongly than the shoots and more effectively than zinc ions. The results of scanning electron microscopy revealed changes in the leaf surface, particularly in the guard cells of the stomata. The ultrastructural analyses of the parenchyma mesophyll cells showed extensive chloroplast disorganization, mainly affecting the thylakoid membranes and grana.     

Cadmium‐induced changes in glutathione and phenolics of Thlaspi and Noccaea species differing in Cd accumulation

Glutathione (GSH) and phenolics play an important role in plant defense against metal‐ion toxicity. The antioxidant activity and metal‐binding capacity of these compounds can account for the protective effects. In contrast to animal‐cell models, however, the possible interplay among these substances in stress defense of plants is poorly investigated. This study compares the influence of cadmium (Cd) on the profiles of both soluble phenolics and GSH in shoots of different Thlaspi and Noccaea species: two ecotypes of the nonhyperaccumulator T. arvense differing in Cd resistance (ecotype Aigues Vives, Cd‐sensitive, and ecotype Jena, Cd‐resistant) and two Cd‐tolerant Cd‐Zn hyperaccumulators N. praecox and N. caerulescens (formerly Thlaspi praecox and T. caerulescens). To reveal the possible influence of Cd‐induced sulfur (S) shortage on the stress response, plants receiving normal S concentrations (500 μM MgSO₄) and plants treated with surplus S (500 μM MgSO₄ + 500 μM K₂SO₄) were analyzed. Our working hypothesis was that species differences in tolerance to high tissue Cd concentrations should be reflected by differences in endogenous levels of GSH and phenolic compounds. The results reveal clear species‐dependent differences in both the constitutive patterns and the Cd‐ and S‐induced changes in shoot concentrations of GSH and phenolics. However, no simple relationship between these shoot concentrations and Cd accumulation and tolerance can be established.     

天津潮间带泥螺（Bullacta exarata）对重金属镉的累积与释放特征

生物对重金属的累积与释放实验对研究生物修复、污染物生态毒性和环境风险评价有着十分重要的意义。通过对天津潮间带底栖生物泥螺进行室内镉累积与释放实验,研究了泥螺体和肝脏对镉的累积与释放特征。整个实验过程分为累积和释放两个阶段,实验样品经冷冻、干燥、研磨、混匀和称量后,采用原子吸收分光光度法进行测定。结果表明,泥螺对镉的累积周期为14 d,其身体和肝脏中镉的质量分数均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在第7 d达到最大值,其中肝脏的累积能力要大于身体;泥螺对镉的释放周期为12 d,在第9 d趋于稳定。泥螺对镉的累积与释放不仅与其自身的生活习性有关,还与其栖息环境密切相关。在自然环境中,应当严格控制镉的人为输入,尤其是含镉工业废水的排放。     

Mechanisms of cadmium accumulation in rice grains and molecular breeding for its reduction

ABSTRACT

Cadmium (Cd) has an important impact on agriculture, as the excessive consumption of this element from contaminated food crops leads to toxicity in humans. Rice is the greatest source of dietary Cd intake in populations consuming rice as a staple food. Therefore, reducing the Cd concentration of rice grains for diminishing the potential risk of Cd for human health is a major challenge. This review summarizes the main achievements on Cd accumulation in rice by our research group. Using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system, we succeeded to visualize differences in real-time Cd dynamics from roots to panicles in rice varieties with different Cd accumulation abilities. Several loci or genes responsible for Cd accumulation in rice were found through quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis. Using the QTL qCdp7 responsible for efficiently extracting Cd from paddy soils, practical rice varieties for Cd-phytoextraction were developed by DNA marker-assisted breeding. A rice variety named ‘Koshihikari Kan No.1? carrying a mutant allele of OsNramp5 for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains was produced by mutant breeding with ion-beams, and breeding programs have been implemented to transfer this allele into many Japanese rice varieties by DNA marker-assisted breeding. Growing low-Cd varieties aerobically would be a feasible way to simultaneously reduce inorganic arsenic and Cd concentrations in rice grains. These results provide basis for reducing Cd concentration in rice through breeding new varieties.     

Parameterization and regionalization of Cd sorption characteristics of sandy soils. II. Regionalization: Freundlich k estimates by pedotransfer functions

The aim was to describe Cd sorption in spatially variable sandy soils of the ‘Fuhrberger Feld’ catchment area as a prerequisite for prognosis of Cd transport in soil and of the threat of groundwater pollution. Thus, the possibility is evaluated to derive a generalized Freundlich equation based on multiple regressions relating the retention parameters k and M (from isotherm data of part 1 of this study) to basic soil properties (pedotransfer functions). For the parameter M (exponent), the correlation ‘measured vs estimated’ was weak (r² < 0.5) whereas k was well predictable by pedotransfer functions. The best regression was obtained if organic carbon (OC). clay content and H⁺ activity were combined as independent variables (r² up to 0.96). The obtained k values were much higher than those from comparable literature models, probably due to lower ionic strength and different composition of our background solutions used for the isotherms. As a critical evaluation, the estimates for k were used to derive solute Cd concentrations (C_est) which then were compared to measured data (range 0.1–3 μg L^?1). The best but still unsatisfactory r² was 0.77, obtained if G_est was compared to Cd in 0.01 M_c Ca(NO₃)₂ equilibria (Cd₀). Cd in fresh soil solution (Cd_z) showed no significant correlation with C_est, except for one relationship where OC had been excluded from the preceding multiple regression of k. Generally, the role of the variable OC remained unclear. Direct multiple regressions of measured solute Cd vs soil properties (bypassing k, no sorbed fraction) yielded much closer correlations, with r² = 0.9 for Cd₀ vs OC, H⁺ activity, clay (log data, OC decreases C) and r² = 0.7 for Cd₂ vs OC, H⁺ activity, clay (log data, OC enhances C).