改性生物柴油碳烟与NOx排放试验

针对生物柴油氧化安定性较差、NOx排放偏高的情况,添加抗氧化剂(BHA)对生物柴油进行燃料改性,分析了抗氧化剂对生物柴油氧化安定性的影响,讨论了改性前、后生物柴油粘度随温度的变化规律。测量了高压共轨柴油机燃烧改性生物柴油的排放污染物随转速、负荷的变化规律。探讨了抗氧化剂改善生物柴油碳烟、NOx排放的作用机理。研究结果表明:燃料改性后,生物柴油的氧化安定性大幅度提高,燃油粘度略有降低;发动机的碳烟、NOx排放均明显下降,特别是在中、高负荷时效果显著;燃烧过程中抗氧化剂抑制了脂肪酸长链分子的高温裂解,促进了自由基的淬熄效应,由此改变了碳烟与NOx排放之间此消彼长的关系。     

基于激光激发叶绿素荧光分析的叶片水分利用效率模型

以无损检测为前提,采用激光为激发光源,对杨树活体叶片进行荧光光谱采集,对采集到的光谱数据进行处理分析得到水分利用效率的荧光光谱敏感波段,建立基于叶片温度修正下的植物水分利用效率与荧光光谱的数学回归模型,模型的复相关系数R2=0.975.并对建立的数学回归模型进行效果检验,相关系数r=0.8746,模型的检测效果较好.     

数字式蜂蜜含水率检测仪设计

对蜂蜜含水率的检测应提供便携、快速、精确、适于在线检测且能克服温度对测量结果影响的仪器。在实验基础上,基于蜂蜜电导率的检测原理,设计了数字式蜂蜜含水率检测仪。以洋槐蜂蜜为对象,通过实验建立了蜂蜜含水率（17%～43%）、温度（5～40℃）和电导率之间的数学模型。以8位单片机为控制器,DJS—1型电极为电导率传感器,DS18B20为温度传感器,设计了检测仪的硬件系统,利用单片机C语言编写程序。检测实验结果表明：每个样品的测量时间在3s内,测量精度为±0.5%。     

Effect of ensiling whole crop oat with lucerne in different ratios on fermentation quality,aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility on the Tibetan plateau

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ensiling different ratios of whole crop oat to lucerne on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of silage on the Tibetan plateau. Four experimental treatments were produced varying in the ratio of forages on a fresh matter (FM) basis: 1) 100% oat (control, dry matter (DM) content: 317 g/kg), 2) 90% oat + 10% lucerne (OL10, DM content: 316 g/kg), 3) 80% oat+ 20% lucerne (OL20, DM content: 317 g/kg) and 4) 70% oat+ 30% lucerne (OL30, DM content: 318 g/kg). All treatments were packed into laboratory‐scale silos and ensiled for 60 days and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 15 days. Further, the four experimental treatments were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study the nutrient digestibility. All silages were well preserved with low pH and NH₃‐N contents, and high lactic acid contents and V‐scores (evaluation of silage quality). Increasing the lucerne proportion increased (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content of silage, whereas neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre contents were not affected. Under aerobic conditions, the control silage showed higher (p < 0.05) yeast counts (>10⁵ cfu/g FM) followed by OL10 silage, and OL10 silage improved aerobic stability for 74 h. OL20 and OL30 silages showed fewer (p < 0.05) yeasts (<10⁵ cfu/g FM) and markedly (p < 0.05) improved the aerobic stability (>360 h). After 48‐h incubation, OL30 silage increased (p < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) compared with the control silage. These results suggest that replacing oat with lucerne had no unfavourable effects on fermentation quality of silage, but improved CP content, aerobic stability IVDMD and IVNDFD. OL30 silage was the best among the three mixed silages.     

水分调制耦合微波对亚麻籽乳食用品质的影响

亚麻籽植物乳富含α-亚麻酸和植物化学物质,具有良好的功能和营养属性,将其作为促进健康和预防疾病的食品具有巨大潜力。强化亚麻籽植物乳的食用安全、营养、感官属性,并提升体系稳定性是亚麻籽植物乳产业发展的重要方向。该研究首次采用蒸汽快速调水联合微波处理亚麻籽后制备亚麻籽植物乳,系统的评价调水和微波程度对亚麻籽植物乳品质影响。结果表明,相对于未调水微波的亚麻籽植物乳,调水联合微波能显著降低亚麻籽内生氰糖苷值、增加总酚（1.77倍）和木酚素（1.66倍）含量,同时改善了风味值。适当的调水（12.79%）和微波（8 min,140～145 ℃）联合处理改变木酚素等组分在原种籽细胞中的结构,并产生分子震动诱导的组分交互作用,有助于提高亚麻籽植物乳的综合品质。     

滴灌均匀系数和施氮量对白菜生长及产量和品质的影响

为了完善滴灌均匀系数设计与评价标准,在日光温室内研究了滴灌均匀系数和施氮量对白菜生长、氮素吸收、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）、产量和品质的影响。试验中均匀系数设置0.62、0.80和0.96 3个水平,施氮量设置150和300 kg/hm2 2个水平。土壤多参数传感器Hydra Probe的监测结果表明,白菜生育期内不同处理的土壤含水率和温度变化动态基本一致,而不同处理间的土壤电导率的差异主要是由其初始值不同引起的。当滴灌均匀系数不大于80%时,白菜株高、干物质质量、吸氮量和产量的均匀系数大于灌水和施肥的均匀系数,且滴灌均匀系数对株高、干物质质量、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）、吸氮量、产量及Vc含量、总糖、硝酸盐、纤维素等品质指标均值和均匀系数的影响均不显著（α=0.05）。因此采用过高的均匀系数,对提高产量和改善品质的作用不明显,采用现行滴灌均匀系数的设计和评价标准（均匀系数Cu≥0.80）不会对白菜的生长、养分吸收和产量造成不利影响,可考虑适当降低。     

Recreational sea fishing in Europe in a global context—Participation rates,fishing effort,expenditure, and implications for monitoring and assessment

Marine recreational fishing (MRF) is a high‐participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi‐quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid‐range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae) and western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.     

山东省高效节水发展现状及潜力探析

笔者分析了山东省高效节水发展现状,介绍了山东省高效节水发展主要经验,探析了山东省规模化发展高效节水灌溉的潜力,提出了山东省发展高效节水的主要途径与对策：加大实施高效节水工程、探索农业用水新机制、建立有效的管护模式。     

喷施不同浓度有机硅肥对热带地区甜瓜产量和品质的影响

[目的]探讨有机硅肥在热带设施甜瓜上的施用效果,为热带设施甜瓜合理使用有机硅肥提供实践依据.[方法]开展大棚试验,按喷施有机硅肥浓度水平组合设4个处理,分别为伸蔓期稀释倍数为1000倍,其他时期800倍(T1);伸蔓期稀释倍数为800倍,其他时期600倍(T2);伸蔓期稀释倍数为700倍,其他时期400倍(T3);伸蔓期稀释倍数为600倍,其他时期300倍(T4);以清水为对照(CK),研究不同浓度喷施对热带设施甜瓜生长发育、产量和品质的影响.[结果]喷施有机硅肥的T2、T3处理甜瓜株高显著高于其他处理(P＜0.05,下同);各处理甜瓜茎粗差异不显著(P＞0.05,下同);相比处理,喷施有机硅肥处理的甜瓜叶面积、叶片SPAD值和果实纵横径均显著增加,收获时间可提前1～2d;随着浓度的增加,产量呈增加趋势,较CK分别增产9.95％、23.70％、24.45％和26.20％.其中产量最高的处理为伸蔓期喷施600倍液,其他时期300倍液的处理(29.50 t/ha).[结论]喷施有机硅肥可提高甜瓜产量和品质,建议使用叶面喷施有机硅肥的稀释倍数为伸蔓期600倍、其他时期300倍.     

建设项目环境影响评价的局限性问题

建设项目环境影响评价主要指项目实施后可能带来的负面环境影响预测、分析与评估,进而提出预防不良环境影响的有效措施,实现跟踪监测。但是目前我国建设项目环境影响仍具有一定局限性,只有充分认识到存在的问题,积极改进,才能发挥评价的真正作用。