不同灌溉量对沙漠边缘春小麦生育特征及产量的影响

［目的］通过研究河西走廊沙漠边缘春小麦的灌溉量,为解决该地用水矛盾日益突出的问题提供理论依据。［方法］在春小麦种植区,通过5种不同灌水量处理进行了田间节水灌溉试验。［结果］在干旱胁迫下,春小麦生育速度加快,提前成熟。通过分析春小麦叶面积、灌浆速度、干物质重量和产量,得到苗期和从乳熟期到成熟期是进行节水灌溉和调亏灌溉的适宜期。［结论］该地区春小麦全生育期总灌水量在3 600～4 000 m^3/hm^2,头水在拔节前10～15 d灌溉,灌水量占灌水总量的25%;二水在孕穗期灌溉,占30%;三水在开花期灌溉,占30%;四水在乳熟前3～4 d灌溉,占15%。     

水面蒸发对南水北调江苏段调水效率的影响

为了掌握南水北调东线江苏境内工程输水河道和调蓄湖库水面蒸发损失水量,及其所造成的泵站机组损失功率,了解水面蒸发对工程调水效率的影响,分析比较了适用于工程所在地区的水面蒸发量计算模型和计算公式,计算了工程沿线输水河道和调蓄湖库的水面蒸发量,分析了工程水面蒸发量的时间和空间分布特征.通过积分,计算了水面蒸发造成的各梯级泵站的流量损失和输入功率损失,求解并分析了水面蒸发对整个江苏段工程调水效率的影响.结果表明：工程沿线水面年蒸发量自南向北、西北方向逐渐递增;蒸发量夏季最高,冬季最低;全线平均水面年蒸发量为862.2 mm.洪泽湖、骆马湖、白马湖和输水河道蒸发损失水量分别占总蒸发损失水量的77.7%,13.3%,3.6%和5.4%,蒸发损失水量约占源头泵站抽水量的17.46%,使工程平均调水效率降低10.33%.调水工程可以考虑采用管道输水,从而避免蒸发损失.     

白三叶叶片荧光特性对水分胁迫的响应

[目的]从生理角度研究白三叶(Trifolium repens)叶片叶绿素荧光参数对水分胁迫的响应.[方法]以白三叶品种"海发"为供试材料,设置75%(无胁迫,CK)、50%(轻度胁迫,LD)和25%(重度胁迫,HD)3个土壤含水量水平对植株进行培养,测定水分胁迫对一系列叶绿素荧光参数的影响,并进行统计学分析.[结果]土壤相对含水量为75%和50%时,白三叶叶片叶绿素荧光参数受到的影响不大,说明白三叶在这2种水分条件下能够正常生长;土壤相对含水量为25%时,初始荧光后极显著高于CK和LD处理,原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PS Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(φPS Ⅱ)和光化学猝灭系数显著降低.[结论]白三叶在重度干旱(HD)条件下,生理机能遭到破坏,不能正常生长,表现出旱害症状.     

膜下滴灌水肥耦合、以水调为核心系统调控技术研究

我国是一个水资源、土地资源极为短缺的人口大国和农业大国,在有限的水土资源条件下水肥耦合研究是促进我国农业的可持续发展的有效途径之一。本研究讨论了水肥耦合的含义、研究进展、研究趋势以及以水调为核心的调控技术。     

中国进口农产品水稀缺足迹研究

本文依据1999—2019年高细分度农产品贸易数据研究中国农产品进口贸易对进口来源地水资源可获性的影响效应,从演变轨迹、产品结构和进口来源地结构三个维度对中国进口农产品水稀缺足迹展开特征统计分析。研究结果表明:中国因进口农产品获得的节水效应呈现波动上升态势,但因进口替代缓解的水资源压力小于带给进口农产品产地的水资源压力,中国农产品进口贸易在水资源要素上存在着类似于"列昂惕夫悖论"的现象;2014—2019年中国进口农产品水稀缺足迹排名靠前的农产品种类主要包括棉花,碾磨谷物及谷物加工品,水果及坚果,畜禽肉、油脂及食用杂碎,植物油及其制品,豆类,油料,糖,加工糖及制糖副产品,半成品革,麻纺织品和谷物;水稀缺足迹排名靠前的进口来源地主要包括巴基斯坦、澳大利亚、美国、苏丹、乌兹别克斯坦、印度、埃及、西班牙、伊朗、哈萨克斯坦、泰国和越南。本文进而提出提升农产品自给率、拓展海外水资源利用广度和拓宽农业国际合作渠道的政策建议。     

膏桐叶浸提液对其种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究膏桐自毒化感作用对其种子萌发的影响。[方法]采用膏桐嫩叶和枯叶的水浸提液（1∶50 w/v）作床,分别浇灌清水和浸提液,测定膏桐种子发芽率和发芽势。[结果]1∶50浓度的膏桐嫩叶和枯叶水浸提液均可以促进膏桐种子的萌发,且嫩叶浸提液的效果优于枯叶浸提液,尤其以嫩叶浸提液作床后浇灌蒸馏水的处理方式最佳。[结论]在1∶50浓度时,膏桐嫩叶和枯叶水浸提液对其种子萌发具有促进作用。     

A flexible approach to managing variability in grain yield and nitrate leaching at within-field to farm scales

We up-scaled the APSIM simulation model of crop growth, water and nitrogen dynamics to interpret and respond to spatial and temporal variations in soil, season and crop performance and improve yield and decrease nitrate leaching. Grain yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching are strongly governed by interaction of plant available soil water storage capacity (PAWC), seasonal rainfall and nitrogen supply in the water-limited Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia (WA). APSIM simulates the interaction of these key system parameters and the robustness of its simulations has been rigorously tested with the results of several field experiments covering a range of soil types and seasonal conditions in WA. We used yield maps, soil and weather data for farms at two locations in WA to determine spatial and temporal patterns of grain yield, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching under a range of weather, soil and nitrogen management scenarios. On one farm, we up-scaled APSIM simulations across the whole farm using local weather and fertiliser use data and the average PAWC values of soil type polygons. On a 70 ha field on another farm, we used a linear regression of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by EM38 against PAWC to transform an EC_a map of the field into a high resolution (5 m grid) PAWC map. We then used regressions of simulated yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching on PAWC to upscale the APSIM simulations for a range of weather and fertiliser management scenarios. This continuous mapping approach overcame the weakness of the soil polygons approach, which assumed uniformity in soil properties and processes within soil type polygons. It identified areas at greatest financial and environmental risks across the field, which required focused management and simulated their response to management interventions. Splitting nitrogen applications increased simulated wheat yields at all sites across the field and decreased nitrate leaching particularly where the water storage capacity of the soil was small. Low water storage capacity resulted in both low wheat yields and large leaching loss. Another management option to decrease leaching may be to grow perennial vegetation that uses more water and loses less by drainage.Paper from the 5th European Conference on Precision Agriculture (5ECPA), Uppsala, Sweden, 2005     

Alternate Furrow Irrigation with Different Irrigation Intervals for Maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

This research was conducted to determine the yield and water-use efficiency of maize under fixed and variable alternate furrow irrigation (fixed AFI, variable AFI) and every furrow irrigation (EFI) at different irrigation intervals in areas with shallow and deep groundwater. In variable AFI, water was applied to the furrow, which was dry in the previous irrigation cycle. The results indicated that even at 4-day irrigation intervals the water needs of maize on a fine textured soil in both areas (with deep and shallow water table) are not met by AFI. The decrease in grain yield due to water stress was mainly due to the decrease in the number of grains per cob and to a lesser extent to the decrease in 1000-grain weight. At the Kooshkak site with shallow groundwater (between 1.31 and 1.67 m), grain yields in AFI at 4- and 7-day intervals were comparable to those obtained in EFI at 7- and 10-day intervals, respectively. This might be due to the contribution of groundwater to the water use of the plant (about 5-10%). In the Badjgah area, with deep water depth, grain yield in AFI at 7-day intervals was statistically lower than that obtained in EFI at 10-day interval. In AFI, a shorter irrigation interval (4-day) may alleviate the water stress and result in no yield reduction compared with that in EFI at 7-day intervals even though water application was reduced. Furthermore, in the area with a shallow water table, AFI at 7-day intervals may be superior to EFI at 10-day irrigation intervals. When seasonal irrigation water is less than 700 mm, it may be preferable to use AFI at 10-day intervals to increase water-use efficiency, especially in areas with shallow groundwater. In general, when water was insufficient for full irrigation, the relative grain yield (yield per unit water applied) of maize under AFI was higher than those under EFI.     

Refinement of rooting depths using satellite-based evapotranspiration seasonality for ecosystem modeling in California

Accurate determination of rooting depths in terrestrial biosphere models is important for simulating terrestrial water and carbon cycles. In this study, we developed a method for optimizing rooting depth using satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) seasonality and an ecosystem model by minimizing the differences between satellite-based and simulated ET. We then analyzed the impacts of rooting depth optimization on the simulated ET and gross primary production (GPP) seasonality in California, USA. First, we conducted a point-based evaluation of the methods against flux observations in California and tested the sensitivities of the simulated ET seasonality to the rooting depth settings. We then extended it spatially by estimating spatial patterns of rooting depth and analyzing the sensitivities of the simulated ET and GPP seasonalities to the rooting depth settings. We found large differences in the optimized and soil survey (STATSGO)-based rooting depths over the northern forest regions. In these regions, the deep rooting depths (>3 m) estimated in the study successfully reproduced the satellite-based ET seasonality, which peaks in summer, whereas the STATSGO-based rooting depth (<1.5 m) failed to sustain a high ET in summer. The rooting depth refinement also has large effects on simulated GPP; the annual GPP in these regions is increased by 50–100% due to sufficient soil water during the summer. In the grassy and shrubby regions of central and southern California, the estimated rooting depths are similar to those of STATSGO, probably due to the shallow rooting depth in these ecosystems. Our analysis suggests that setting a rooting depth is important for terrestrial ecosystem modeling and that satellite-based data could help both to estimate the spatial variability of rooting depths and to improve water and carbon cycle modeling.     

野云沟万亩自压喷灌工程供水成本及水费标准的分析

本文利用工程实际资料,对万亩自压喷灌工程供水成本及水费标准进行了分析讨论。并提出现阶段水费计收标准以及加强工程经营管理、降低供水成本、提高喷灌效益的初步意见。