SL4105柴油机的连杆杆身的变形分析

对SL4105柴油机的连杆进行了精确的三维建模,并考虑到连杆锻造毛坯和加工误差对连杆刚度的影响,根据实际情况对连杆运动时的整体变形进行了计算分析。分析结果表明:连杆的锻造加工误差会使连杆在最大爆发压力下产生较大的弯曲变形,变形最大值的大小和位置因加工误差的不同而不同。     

棉田膜内与膜间土壤溶液含盐量的变化

用定期取表层土样测定其电导率和在不同深度埋设盐分传感器探头的方法 ,在作物生长季节内 ,监测了棉田膜内和膜间不同深度的土壤溶液含盐量变化。结果为 :1棉田膜内与膜间表层土壤和 1 0 cm、30 cm深土壤溶液含盐量变化较大 ,且规律相同。未灌水时上升 ,灌水后迅速下降。膜间未灌水期间的含盐量上升幅度大于膜内 ,灌水对膜内和膜间表土洗盐、1 0 cm、30 cm深土壤溶液含盐量的降低作用没有差别。降雨可引起膜内和膜间 1 0 cm深土壤溶液电导率的变化 ,这个影响也是膜间大于膜内。 2 60 cm深的土壤溶液不存在明显的盐分累积现象 ,灌水可使这里的土壤溶液含盐量缓慢降低 ,膜间的降低过程快于膜内     

输液滴灌对龙眼生长及土壤和果实的影响

以石硖龙眼树为试材,对其进行管道输液(CK)、管道输液+地表滴灌(T1)、管道输液+地下10cm滴灌(T2)、管道输液+地下20cm滴灌(T3)、管道输液+地表多孔滴灌(T4)处理,调查其对树体生长,土壤状况和果实产量和质量的影响。结果表明:30d后,T1、T2、T3、T4叶片SPAD值增加量分别比CK提高37.5%、100%、125%、187.5%;T4的枝梢增长量最大,梢长和梢粗分别比CK提高128.34%和110.81%;不同处理在0~100cm土层,土壤含水量大致在15%~35%波动;土壤全氮、全磷和全钾主要集中0~40cm土层;T4果实横径、纵径、单果重、单株产量、可食率和可溶性固形物均比其他处理高,比CK分别提高5.45%、2.58%、8.64%、34.31%、2.85%及26.39%。     

烤烟烘烤测控系统的设计与实现

烤烟烘烤环境因素是一个具有时变性、非线性及各因素间具有强耦合性的多变量系统.为此,利用单片机技术和传感器技术设计了一种符合烟叶烘烤需要的自适应分层模糊控制系统.该系统可对烤房的温度、湿度和通风等参量进行自动测量与精确控制.系统采用模块化结构设计,简单易用,维护方便.运行结果表明,系统运行稳定,鲁棒性强,适用于烤烟烘烤过程的自动控制.     

Effect of drying on soil strength and corn emergence

Summary Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drying on soil strength and corn emergence (Zea mays L.). Corn was germinated in Billings silty clay under a bank of heat lamps which operated 9, 14, 19, or 24 h per day. Soil strength (modules of rupture), soil moisture content and emergence were measured daily.The relationship of soil strength to corn seedling emergence as influenced by the four light and heat durations and bare and mulched soil surfaces was determined. As soil strength increased emergence decreased until it ceased at soil strengths of about 80 kPa. Strength of this soil had a high negative correlation with soil water content and increased with time. Mulching decreased initial rate of drying, decreased crust strength, and improved corn emergence. The 14-hour light and heat treatment resulted in the highest corn emergence.Contribution from Colorado State Experiment Station, USDA-ARS Snake River Conservation Research Center, and USDA-ARS Fort Collins, respectively     

The effect of salinity on corn yield using the CERES-maize model

In most cases, when calculating soil water availability, only thewater content is considered. The effect of salinity on the wiltingpoint is neglected. The objective of this work is to use asimulation model (CERES-maize) in order to predict cornyields as a function of water salinity under severalenvironmental, agrotechnical, and plant characteristics. A modelis presented in which the wilting point is a function of the soilsalt content. At high salinity, the water content at wilting pointis higher than at low salinity, resulting in an insufficient amountof available water and, therefore, a reduced yield. The modelwas used to simulate several theoretical and experimentalsituations for forage corn and grain corn. Simulation resultsshowed that nitrogen fertilization increases the salinity thresholdvalue and the yield sensitivity (rate of yield reduction per unitof salinity). The also showed that forage corn is more sensitiveto salinity than grain corn. If the soil is not leached, a heaviersoil texture has a higher salinity threshold value. On the otherhand, if the soil is leached, the soil texture has no influence onthe salinity threshold value and the yield is less sensitive tosalinity in sandy soils. The determination coefficient (r²= 0.75) indicated that the results of the simulations were in goodagreement with the field data.     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

保护地蔬菜栽培不同灌水方法对表层土壤盐分含量的影响

通过 3年连续保护地栽培蔬菜小区试验 ,对滴灌、渗灌、沟灌 3种灌水方法的土壤盐分积累状况进行了比较研究。试验后 0～ 2 0 cm土层土壤全盐含量以沟灌最高 ,渗灌次之 ,滴灌最低 ;滴灌土壤 p H下降幅度明显低于渗灌和沟灌土壤。在 0～ 2 0 cm土层内全盐含量呈幂指数形式分布 ,即地表处含量最高 ,随深度增加逐渐下降 ;而土壤 p H则随深度增加而直线上升。另外 ,土壤中可溶性盐的阴离以 NO-3 为主 ,阳离子以 Ca2 + 为主。这说明选择合理灌水方法 ,是防止土壤退化、提高保护地作物产量和质量的有效途径。     

水肥一体化智能调控设备智能液位开关设计

在对设施蔬菜生产中使用的水肥一体化设备进行智能灌溉控制设计中,监测混肥罐和回液桶中液位高低是非常必要的。现有液位检测普遍采用机械开关式液位浮子,工程实践中发现当进出水口与浮子过近,或者水纹波动显著时,浮子上下剧烈抖动会导致水泵随浮子的抖动而经常启停,对于启动电流较大的泵容易造成损伤。本文在软硬件设计中采用了计数器数字滤波电路以及单片机定时器中断,设计了一种替代简单液位浮子的实用智能液位开关。为了检验该设计的性能,在同等条件下,进行了不同液面、不同压力和水流量的对比试验。试验结果表明,计数脉冲发生电路中充电电阻和放电电阻为4.7 kΩ时,滤波后的输出信号比现场实际的数控信号时间迟延了2.11 s,经数字电路滤波后的输出信号已经完全消除了宽度小于2 s的所有干扰信号,并且具有很高的稳定性。迟延时间与计数电路、计数脉冲发生电路有关,通过电路设计调整滤波脉宽可使输出信号有效地滤除干扰成分。同时,利用该方法也可以根据不同工况,如不同功率的水泵设定不同参数滤除干扰信号,提高智能液位开关适用性。     

4125A4发动机节能活塞的研制

发动机中,将燃料的化学能转换为机械动力能的主要零件是活塞。其结构、质量和性能,将决定能量转换的效率,直接影响发动机的动力性和经济性。为此,对现有4125A4发动机的动力性和经济性进行了分析,提出了节能活塞的设计方案,并进行了台架试验和田间试验。试验结果表明,其动力性能得到了改善,节油效果明显。