江西省农业废弃物资源化利用调查研究

为研究江西农业废弃物资源化利用的产业链延伸及关键瓶颈问题,在调研江西省农业废弃物资源化利用现状及相关典型案例基础上,分析当前存在的问题及其历史成因,提出相应的对策建议。研究认为,江西省农业废弃物资源化利用问题还比较严峻,总体利用方式粗放,减量化、无害化、资源化和综合效益低。具体工作中存在的问题主要表现在重视和认识不够,扶持激励机制不健全;源头有害成分控制不严,后端资源化利用压力大;技术配套和装备落后,转化推广乏力;收集贮运体系不健全,产业基础薄弱。在上述调查研究基础上提出对策建议,即统筹规划,抓好资源化利用顶层设计;激励补偿,加强政策支持;市场运作,推动资源化利用产业化;突出重点,完善收集贮运体系;科研攻关,推动产学研协作。     

海洋活性胶原肽酶解液的脱色脱腥工艺

以富含胶原的海产品下脚料为原料,用海洋碱性蛋白酶894水解,得到具有清除羟自由基活性的酶解液.采用一次正交回归实验设计及结果分析,建立回归方程,研究了活性炭、β-环糊精、酵母三者用量及温度、pH和作用时间6因子及其可能存在交互作用的变化关系对该酶解液综合脱色脱腥效果的影响.结果表明,在给定取值范围内,pH对综合脱色脱腥效果影响高度显著,酵母添加量、pH与酵母添加量的交互作用影响显著,其它因子及其可能的交互作用影响不显著,得最佳工艺为:温度37℃、pH 4.0、活性炭0.8%、β-环糊精和酵母分别为0.1%,作用30 min.此时,综合脱色脱腥效果值为90.90,蛋白回收率为98.02%,羟自由基清除率的IC50浓度从原来的1.42 mg·mL-1增加到1.62 mg·mL-1.     

我国废旧木材回收利用需要解决的问题

合理、有效地利用废旧木材是节约木材的有效途径之一,对于创建节约型社会、发展循环经济具有重要意义。废旧木材回收利用是一项利国利民的伟大事业,需要社会各界的支持。     

无土栽培营养液废液循环利用研究进展

根据无土栽培营养液废液的几个处理阶段归纳了紫外线、臭氧、加热、沙滤和综合灭菌等多种营养液废液灭菌方法;活性炭和纳米TiO2催化2种植物自毒物质去除方法以去除植物自身所排出的有机酸等毒性物质;几种温度、养分等在线监测和调配装置;以及植物营养梯级吸收利用、鱼菜共生水产养殖的后续利用方法,最后对营养液废液利用的研究进行展望,旨在为今后有效利用无土栽培营养液废液研究提供参考,减少营养液废液对环境的污染。     

竹材染色废水处理工艺及成本分析

染色是增强竹材装饰效果、提升竹制品附加值的重要手段。染色废水处理是竹材染色技术工业化推广过程中亟待解决的问题。结合竹材染色废水水质特点,总结适合用于竹材染色废水的处理工艺,并对废水处理成本进行分析,以期为竹材染色废水处理提供解决方案。     

Utilization of waste office paper to reduce nitrate leaching into the Northern Guam aquifer

 Rapid nitrate leaching losses due to current agricultural N management practices under the humid tropical environmental conditions of the Pacific island of Guam may contaminate fresh and salt water resources. Potential environmental contamination of the Northern Guam aquifer, which is overlain by shallow limestone-derived soils, is a major public concern because the aquifer is the sole underground source of fresh water for the island. The objectives of this study were to examine the use of waste office paper as a possible management alternative for reducing nitrate leaching due to N fertilizer applications in northern Guam while also providing sufficient N for crop growth. In a laboratory study, increasing rates of waste paper application reduced NO₃ ^–-N leaching up to approximately 200 days after incorporation of N fertilizer and paper treatments. Subsequent mineralization of immobilized N from paper applications was also observed, although cumulative NO₃ ^–-N leaching at the highest rate of paper addition was lower than the control after 394 days of incubation. The effect of waste paper on N availability and NO₃ ^–-N leaching after application of N fertilizer at rates up to 500 kg N ha^–1 was also evaluated in two field experiments planted with sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa Bonaf.) during consecutive dry and wet periods. Leaching losses of NO₃ ^–-N were higher during the wet cropping season, leading to lower crop yields and crop N uptake. Combining paper with N fertilizer reduced NO₃ ^–-N leaching losses but also decreased crop ear yields up to N fertilizer application rates of 250 kg N ha^–1 during the dry cropping season and up to rates of 100 kg N ha^–1 during the wet period. Although combining waste paper with N fertilizer reduced NO₃ ^–-N leaching losses, no improvements in fertilizer N recovery were observed during the field experiments. This lack of crop response may be due to the importance of early season N availability for the short-season horticultural crops grown on Guam. We suggest that the application of waste paper may be a useful management practice to reduce NO₃ ^–-N leaching losses when high soil NO₃ ^–-N levels remain after cropping due either to crop failure or to over-application of N fertilizer. Received: 11 May 1999     

Effects of long-term waste water irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico

 The effect of long-term waste water irrigation (up to 80 years) on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities was studied in two agricultural soils (Vertisols and Leptosols) irrigated for 25, 65 and 80 years respectively at Irrigation District 03 in the Valley of Mezquital near Mexico City. In the Vertisols, where larger amounts of water have been applied than in the Leptosols, total organic C (TOC) contents increased 2.5-fold after 80 years of irrigation. In the Leptosols, however, the degradability of the organic matter tended to increase with irrigation time. It appears that soil organic matter accumulation was not due to pollutants nor did microbial biomass:TOC ratios and qCO₂ values indicate a pollutant effect. Increases in soil microbial biomass C and activities were presumably due to the larger application of organic matter. However, changes in soil microbial communities occurred, as denitrification capacities increased greatly and adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratios were reduced after long-term irrigation. These changes were supposed to be due to the addition of surfactants, especially alkylbenzene sulfonates (effect on denitrification capacity) and the addition of sodium and salts (effect on AEC) through waste water irrigation. Heavy metals contained in the sewage do not appear to be affecting soil processes yet, due to their low availability. Detrimental effects on soil microbial communities can be expected, however, from further increases in pollutant concentrations due to prolonged application of untreated waste water or an increase in mobility due to higher mineralization rates. Received: 28 April 1999     

啤酒酵母多糖的分离纯化与初步鉴定

[目的]从啤酒废酵母中分离纯化出多糖，并对其组成和性质进行初步鉴定。[方法]用常规方法分离纯化啤酒酵母多糖，并用HPLC、比旋度测定和醋酸纤维薄膜电泳等方法测定BPS2。[结果]粗多糖收率为9．7％，为浅色粉灰。BPS2为均一组分，苯酚-硫酸法测定其糖含量为95．2％，GC分析其单糖组成为Man和Glc，摩尔比为1．08：1．00。[结论]试验提取的粗多糖为一种新多糖，其主要成分为BPS2，为啤酒酵母的利用提供了基础。     

废弃物处理的现状及案例研究

指出了对工业废弃物的妥善处理不仅可以使之作为能源和资源得到有效利用,还能起到温室气体减排的效果。分析了我国在废弃物处理领域的应用现状及存在的问题,并提出了相应的措施和建议。     

芦笋废弃秸秆利用现状与高效开发对策

简述了芦笋废弃秸秆的利用价值及在动物饲料、食用菌培养、食品工业、沼气应用和土壤改良等方面的研究利用现状,并有针对性地提出了几点高效开发对策,以期为芦笋产业的进一步发展提供参考。