水肥对旱区马铃薯水分利用率的影响

采用裂区试验设计,以施钾水平为主处理,补水时期为副处理,研究了补充供水和钾素处理对马铃薯不同层次水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:马铃薯生育期耗水主要集中在80cm土层深度内,80cm土层以下土壤含水量变化不明显,基本不被马铃薯吸收利用。在氯化钾为150kg/hm2及苗期补水条件下,群体水平和产量水平水分利用率(WUE)均最高,分别为41.71和94.21kg/(mm.hm2),单叶水平WUE最低,但产量均为最高值(36324.97kg/hm2)。     

补水时期和施钾量对旱作马铃薯产量和水分利用的影响

采用裂区试验设计,以施钾水平为主处理,补水时期为副处理,研究了补充供水和钾素处理对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:施钾量、补水时期以及交互作用对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响达到了显著水平.在施钾量150 kg/hm2、苗期补水的条件下,产量达到36 324.97 kg/hm2,水分利用效率达到94.2kg/(mm·hm2),比不施钾、不补水处理产量和水分利用效率分别提高了32.24%、30.7%.     

不同耕作方式对冬小麦光合作用产量和水分利用效率的影响

豫西旱地大田条件下,对一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作4种耕作方式冬小麦叶面积指数、旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与分配及小麦产量和水分利用效率进行试验分析.结果表明,在小麦生育后期,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖能有效延缓小麦旗叶叶绿素降解,维持较高的叶面积指数,改善旗叶光合性能,促进干物质积累,产量分别比传统耕作提高9.26%和10.22%,水分利用效率分别比传统耕作提高10.29%和15.57%.与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖灌浆中后期旗叶光合速率提高了5.48%,Fv/F0值提高了26.72%,Fv/F3m值提高4.88%,ψPSⅡ值和1-qP/qN值与其它耕作方武相比差异不显著.     

免耕覆盖对玉米田土壤物理性状的影响

[目的]研究渭北旱塬免耕结合不同覆盖对春玉米产量和土壤物理性状的影响,以期对该区农业生产提供理论依据。[方法]选取先玉335为供试材料,以传统耕作不覆盖为对照,通过大田试验测定和分析了免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖和免耕地膜秸秆双元覆盖下土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量以及水分利用效率的变化。[结果]免耕覆盖处理能够不同程度降低20~40 cm土层土壤容重,显著提高春玉米播前0~80 cm土层土壤含水量;免耕地膜秸秆覆盖和免耕地膜覆盖较对照春玉米播前0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量增加63.7和62.5 mm,水分利用效率提高69.7%和22.4%。[结论]渭北旱塬地区春玉米种植适宜免耕地膜秸秆双元覆盖的方式。     

水分对不同年代冬小麦品种干物质积累和转移的影响

选择河南中北部地区20世纪50年代以来的7个不同年代主栽冬小麦品种,在田间研究了水分对冬小麦品种干物质积累和转运、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在冬小麦拔节和灌浆初期灌水可以明显增加干物质总量以及向营养器官的分配比例,可以增加花前营养器官贮藏的同化物向籽粒的转运量,为获得高产奠定了生理基础。在品种更替过程中,冬小麦的穗数与穗粒数无明显变化趋势,但千粒质量、收获指数、籽粒产量和WUE总体呈增加趋势。20世纪90年代以后的冬小麦品种花期前后贮藏的干物质总量大,对籽粒贡献率高,是现代品种高产的重要基础。     

西北绿洲灌区水氮耦合对燕麦品种陇燕3号耗水特性及产量的影响

灌水和施肥,尤其是施氮肥,是调控作物生长和增加产量的两大重要技术措施,其互作是燕麦高产高效栽培中重要因素。2014—2015年连续2个生长季,在甘肃河西绿洲灌区的田间试验设3个定额灌溉和3个施氮(纯氮)水平,研究水氮耦合对陇燕3号农田0~150 cm土层耗水量、棵间蒸发、产量及水分利用效率的影响。3个灌溉处理的灌水量分别为270 mm(I_1)、337.5 mm(I_2)和405 mm(I_3),3个施氮水平分别为90 kg hm~(–2)(N_1)、120 kg hm~(–2)(N_2)和150 kg hm~(–2)(N_3)。从播种到成熟,燕麦阶段耗水强度呈先增后减趋势,抽穗至灌浆是最大耗水期,且同一施氮水平下,阶段耗水强度随灌水量增大而显著增加。在全生育期内,棵间蒸发量(E)及土壤水分蒸发量占总蒸发量的比例(E/ET)表现先降后升趋势,且相同施氮量下,拔节至灌浆期随灌水量的增大而增大,而灌浆至成熟期则随灌水量的增大而减小。相同施氮量下,燕麦产量随灌水量增加而显著增加,水分利用效率却随灌水量增加而降低。产量N_3I_3最高(5466.0~5727.5 kg hm~(–2)),N_3I_2次之(5428.5~5678.5 kg hm~(–2)),N_1I_1最低(4504.5~4804.3 kg hm~(–2));水分利用效率N_3I_2最大(12.11~12.82 kg mm~(–1) hm~(–2)),N_3I_1次之(12.04~12.63 kg mm~(–1) hm~(–2)),N_1I_3最小(9.79~10.58 kg mm~(–1) hm~(–2))。由此表明,水氮耦合对燕麦水分利用及产量具有显著互作效应。施氮量150 kg hm~(–2)、灌溉定额337.5 mm是西北绿洲灌区燕麦种植较佳的节水、高产水氮管理模式。     

Water-use efficiency, leaf area and leaf gas exchange of cowpeas under mid-season drought

Ten cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. “Walp.”) genotypes were grown in a growth chamber under well-watered conditions up to early flowering and were then either subjected to water deficit or were continually well-watered. Water deficit was induced by withholding irrigation until the soil water potential was −75 kPa, which was then maintained for 10 days. Variation in water use efficiency (WUE), leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf gas exchange (i.e. assimilation, transpiration, stomata conductance and internal CO₂ concentration) in response to water deficit were investigated. Water deficit treatment reduced mean water use by 21%. This caused between 11 and more than 40% reduction of biomass across the genotypes. Reductions in biomass were due to decline in leaf gas exchange and leaf area during water deficit. Water deficit improved the WUE of two genotypes (IFH 27-8 and Lobia) by approximately 20%, but caused moderate to huge reductions in most genotypes. High relative water content (RWC) of leaves was maintained in some of the genotypes by stomata closure and a reduction of leaf area. Drought avoidance by maintaining high leaf water content was negatively associated with leaf area as well as SLA. High assimilation rate under water deficit was associated with high RWC. Decline in assimilation rate were due mainly to stomata closure, however, some evidence of non-stomatal regulation were also found. WUE and instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE, a molar ratio of assimilation to transpiration) were not directly associated, but IWUE and leaf internal CO₂ concentration (c_i) were negatively related while c_i was also moderately related with SLA. Overall, significant genotypic variations in leaf gas exchange parameters were found, which can give some indications of superiority when comparing cowpea genotypes for agronomic fitness under drought. The lack of relationship between WUE and IWUE was due to the instantaneous measurement of leaf gas exchange, which can be corrected by calculations to reflect the entire season.     

水肥耦合对温室盆栽黄瓜产量与水分利用效率的影响

采用一种负水头供水控水盆栽装置进行水分精确控制,通过设定装置的不同供水吸力控制不同的土壤含水量,研究不同水肥供应对温室黄瓜生长发育的影响及水肥间的耦合效应。试验分别设3种供水吸力:3 kPa(W1)、5kPa(W2)和7 kPa(W3);3种施肥水平:N 600、P 300、K 300 kg/hm2(F1),N 900、P 450、K 450 kg/hm2(F2)和N 1200、P600、K 600 kg/hm2(F3)。试验结果表明,W1、W2、W3处理控制的土壤含水量分别为26.25%、20.81%、15.35%。在F1、F2和F3的处理下,黄瓜的生长速率和产量随着土壤水分的增加而增加,表现为W1W2W3;在W1与W2处理下,施肥水平越高,黄瓜生长速率、叶片光合速率、干物质积累量以及产量与水分利用效率越高,表现为F3F2F1;且增加施肥对提高水分利用效率并不以增加植株耗水量为代价。而在W3处理下,植株干物质积累量、叶片光合速率和产量的高低顺序为F2F1F3,F3过高的施肥量抑制了植株的生长。试验结果还表明,水肥互作效应对黄瓜产量与水分利用效率有显著的影响。