我国水稻纹枯病菌的融合类群及致病性差异

为明确我国水稻纹枯病菌的融合类群及其致病力差异,于2015年8月从黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河南、安徽、浙江、江苏、四川、重庆、贵州、云南、湖北、湖南、广西、广东、福建16个主要水稻种植区采集与水稻纹枯病症状类似的水稻叶鞘和叶片,采用水琼脂分离法分离病菌,在每个产区分离的病菌中各选择1个菌株,采用形态学、菌丝细胞核荧光染色和rDNA-ITS序列分析对分离出的真菌进行鉴定,比较不同地区病原菌生长速度、菌核结构和细胞核数量的差异,并应用柯赫氏法则对不同地区病样中分离的纯培养物致病性进行测定。结果表明,分离自不同地区的61株真菌菌株均为Rhizoctonia solani,且属于AG1IA融合群,菌丝细而松散,菌丝多分枝有隔膜,分枝直角或近45°的锐角,后期产生的菌核大多数细胞为多核,但不同地区的病原菌菌株生长速度、菌核结构和细胞核数量具有一定的差异;在致病性试验中选取的16株菌株均侵染水稻叶片,产生水稻纹枯病典型症状,分离自不同地区的菌株致病力具有明显差异,其中分离自广东、广西、福建和重庆的菌株致病力较强。     

不同省区鸡源大肠杆菌耐药性调查与系统进化群分析

为有效控制鸡大肠杆菌病,对不同省区鸡源大肠杆菌致病菌株的分布情况及耐药特征进行了调查分析,分别采用PCR法和MIC法进行了系统进化群分群检测和药敏试验,采用皮下注射进行了动物致病性试验,并采用SPSS17．0软件进行差异显著性分析。结果显示：低致病群B1（38．13％）和非致病群A（34．02％）菌株分布相对较多,其次是高致病群D（21．23％）和B2（6．16％）;鸡源大肠杆菌耐药严重,12种药物的耐药率在50％以上,多重耐药问题突出,多重耐药率高达98．86％;不同省区鸡源大肠杆菌菌株的耐药程度存在差异,个别药物（如奥格门丁、头孢噻呋等）差异显著;高致病群B2和D群菌株的耐药程度较B1和A群菌株严重,其中氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、大观霉素、头孢噻呋、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明、奥格门丁等7种药物差异显著（ P＜0．05）。试验表明,我国鸡源大肠杆菌高致病菌株检出率高,且耐药程度相对严重,在适宜条件下更易导致鸡群发病且较难控制。     

What Are They Thinking? Exploring Layperson Conceptualizations of Wildlife Health and Disease

Communication is an important part of wildlife management. Communication strategies based in knowledge of stakeholder understandings of key issues tend to be particularly effective. We conducted focus groups in five states across the United States to evaluate how laypersons conceptualize wildlife health and wildlife disease management. Based on insights from the focus groups, we identified building blocks of layperson mental models for wildlife health. From the layperson perspective, wildlife health was associated with absence of disease; balanced, sustainable populations; healthy animals; habitat quality; and ecosystem health. Wildlife disease was commonly viewed as a natural phenomenon. Factors influencing support for wildlife disease management included the specific methods used, cost, predicted consequences of management, level of uncertainty, and severity of the disease threat. Knowledge attained from these focus groups provides empirical evidence of beliefs and perceptions that influence public understanding and agreement with wildlife disease management.     

Tests of Mendelian segregation and linkage-group relationships among 31 microsatellite loci in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

Two families (parents and full-sibling progeny) of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) were assayed for genotypes at 31 nuclear-encoded microsatellites. Tests of expected Mendelian segregation at 29 of the microsatellites were non-significant following Bonferroni correction; occurrence of null alleles was inferred at the remaining two microsatellites. Nine of the 24 possible linkage groups (range 2–5 microsatellites per linkage group) were identified. Significant differences in recombination rates were found both between sexes and between families. The microsatellite linkage groups generated in this study represent the beginning of a genetic map for red drum, an economically important marine fish in the southeastern region of the United States of America.     

川西平原油菜菌核病菌群体结构研究

2002年5月在川西平原4个地区:蒲江大兴、邛崃卧龙、双流黄水和邛崃固驿,从油菜病株茎杆上采集菌核,经分离和鉴定,共得到373个菌株进行菌丝生长速率、对多菌灵敏感性、菌丝融合群和遗传多样性的测定和分析,结果表明:川西油菜菌核病菌群体结构呈地域间和田块内的分化。病菌群体由遗传背景不同的8个亚类组成,而8个亚类的分布呈明显的区域性,不同地点同一田块内核盘菌株分属1(邛崃固驿)至4个(邛崃卧龙)亚类。各亚类由属于多个菌丝融合群的菌株组成,不同地点仅个别菌株属同一菌丝融合群。不同菌株间菌丝生长速度呈较大差异,各采样地点菌株平均生长速度差异较大。生长速度较快的284个菌株对多菌灵普遍敏感。     

半红树植物苦槛蓝内生真菌的分离及 抗植物病原菌活性研究

为寻找新的抗植物病原菌微生物资源,以苦槛蓝为对象开展了研究。从其叶、叶脉、茎、树皮、根共分离 到104 株内生真菌。经形态学初步鉴定,它们主要属于无孢类群、盘长孢属、青霉属、枝孢霉属和曲霉属。生物活性测 试表明,所分离到的苦槛蓝内生真菌中有77.9%对包括小麦赤霉、大豆疫霉、香蕉炭疽和柑橘青霉中至少1 种植物病 原菌显示抑制活性,42.3%和11.5%的菌株对上述植物病原菌中的至少1 种分别达到了中度抗菌和强烈抗菌。高效 液相测试显示苦槛蓝提取物与5 种具有强烈抗菌活性的苦槛蓝内生真菌提取物的谱图差异显著,表明这些内生真 菌产生了不同于原植物代谢产物的新的抗植物病原菌活性物质。     

Earthworm activity as a determinant for N2O emission from crop residue

Earthworm activity may have an effect on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from crop residue. However, the importance of this effect and its main controlling variables are largely unknown. The main objective of this study was to determine under which conditions and to what extent earthworm activity impacts N₂O emissions from grass residue. For this purpose we initiated a 90-day (experiment I) and a 50-day (experiment II) laboratory mesocosm experiment using a Typic Fluvaquent pasture soil with silt loam texture. In all treatments, residue was applied, and emissions of N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were measured. In experiment I the residue was applied on top of the soil surface and we tested (a) the effects of the anecic earthworm species Aporrectodea longa (Ude) vs. the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) and (b) interactions between earthworm activity and bulk density (1.06 vs. 1.61 g cm⁻³). In experiment II we tested the effect of L. rubellus after residue was artificially incorporated in the soil. In experiment I, N₂O emissions in the presence of earthworms significantly increased from 55.7 to 789.1 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil (L. rubellus; p<0.001) or to 227.2 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil (A. longa; p<0.05). This effect was not dependent on bulk density. However, if the residue was incorporated into the soil (experiment II) the earthworm effect disappeared and emissions were higher (1064.2 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil). At the end of the experiment and after removal of earthworms, a drying/wetting and freezing/thawing cycle resulted in significantly higher emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from soil with prior presence of L. rubellus. Soil with prior presence of L. rubellus also had higher potential denitrification. We conclude that the main effect of earthworm activity on N₂O emissions is through mixing residue into the soil, switching residue decomposition from an aerobic and low denitrification pathway to one with significant denitrification and N₂O production. Furthermore, A. longa activity resulted in more stable soil organic matter than L. rubellus.     

Impact of tillage, stubble management and crop rotation on nematode populations in a long-term field experiment

The population abundance of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes was investigated in a long-term rotation/tillage/stubble management experiment at Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The treatments were a combination of two crop rotations: wheat (Triticum aestivum)–wheat and wheat–lupin (Lupinus angustifolius); two tillage systems: conventional cultivation (CC) and direct drill (DD); and two stubble management practices: stubble retention (SR) and stubble burnt (SB). Plots of one of the wheat–wheat treatments received urea at 100 kg N ha⁻¹ during the cropping season. Soil samples from 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths were collected in September (maximum tillering), October (flowering) and December (after harvest), 2001, to analyse nematode abundance. Soil collected in September was also analysed for concentrations of total and labile C, and pH levels.Three nematode trophic groups, namely bacteria-feeders (primarily Rhabditidae), omnivores (primarily Dorylaimidae excluding plant-parasites and predators) and plant-parasites (Pratylenchus spp. and Paratylenchus spp.) were recorded in each soil sample. Of them, bacteria-feeders (53–99%, population range 933–2750 kg⁻¹ soil) dominated in all soil samples. There was no difference in nematode abundance and community composition between the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm layers of soil. The mean population of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes varied significantly between the treatments in all sampling months. In most cases, total free-living nematode densities (Rhabditidae and Dorylaimidae) were significantly (P < 0.001) greater in wheat–lupin rotation than the wheat–wheat rotation irrespective of tillage and stubble management practices. In contrast, a greater population of plant-parasitic nematodes was recorded from plots with wheat–wheat than the wheat–lupin rotation. For treatments with wheat–wheat, total plant-parasitic nematode (Pratylenchus spp. and Paratylenchus spp.) densities were greater in plots without N-fertiliser (295–741 kg⁻¹ soil) than the plots with N-fertiliser (14–158 kg⁻¹ soil).Tillage practices had significant (P < 0.05) effects mostly on the population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes while stubble management had significant effects (P < 0.05) on free-living nematodes. However, interaction effects of tillage and stubble were significant (P < 0.01) for the population densities of free-living nematodes only. Population of Rhabditidae was significantly higher in conventional cultivated plots (7244 kg⁻¹ soil) than the direct drilled (3981 kg⁻¹ soil) plots under stubble retention. In contrast, plots with direct drill and stubble burnt had significantly higher populations of Dorylaimidae than the conventional cultivation with similar stubble management practice. No correlations between abundance of free-living nematodes, and concentration of total C and labile C in soil were observed in this study. These results showed that stubble retention contributed for enormous population density of free-living (beneficial) nematodes while conventional cultivation, irrespective of stubble management, contributed for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes.     

Effect of the insecticide methidathion on agricultural soil microflora

Summary We studied the effects of the organophosphorus insecticide methidathion, at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200 and 300 g g^-1 in an agricultural soil, on fungi, total bacterial populations, aerobic N₂-fixing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria (phases I and II), and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay). The presence of 10–300 g g^-1 of methidathion significantly increased fungal populations (colony-forming units). Denitrifying bacteria, aerobic N₂-fixing bacteria and N₂ fixation were significantly increased at concentrations of 50–300 g g^-1. The total number of bacteria increased significantly at concentrations of 100–300 g g^-1. Nitrifying bacteria decreased initially at concentrations of 300 g g^-1, but recovered rapidly to levels similar to those in the control soil without the insecticide.