陕西玉米杂种优势群划分和杂优模式研究

通过对陕西19个自育玉米品种的种质杂种优势群和杂交优势利用模式的综合分析,结果表明:陕西玉米的种质基础过于狭窄,改良Reid群×塘四平头群和塘四平头群×Mo17亚群是近20年陕西利用的主要杂交优势模式,应继续加强研究和利用,要注意自330亚群,旅大红骨群和其它种群的改良利用,并重新研究改良Reid群×旅大红骨群,塘四平头群×外杂选亚群和塘四平头群×旅大红骨群这三个杂优模式,以突破现有的杂交优势利用模式,才可能使陕西玉米育种水平上一个新台阶。     

Changes in the content of free sulphydryl groups during postharvest wheat and flour maturation and their influence on technological quality

The main aim of this study was to determine the changes in free sulphydryl content during postharvest wheat and flour maturation. The content of free sulphydryl groups was determined from wet gluten over 50 days of wheat postharvest maturation and over 14 days of flour maturation by varying incubation temperatures (30 and 37 °C) and incubation times (0, 45, 90 and 135 min). The amount of free sulphydryl groups increased during postharvest wheat and flour maturation as well as with the increase in temperature and gluten incubation time. The additional aim of this study was to find the interrelation between the content of free sulphydryl groups and selected parameters of technological quality by means of Principal Component Analysis. During wheat/flour maturation, the strengthening of protein structure was observed manifested by the increase in gluten index and Mixolab protein network weakening (C2), and changes in dough resistance as well. The incubation temperature of 37 °C affected the weakening of protein structure manifested by the decrease in gluten index and resistance, and increase in extensibility. Strong differentiation of examined varieties in terms of selected quality indicators was observed upon pre-defined maturation period, probably due to the expression of their intrinsic properties.     

A methodology for characterization and analysis of plant functional composition in grassland‐based farms

Understanding the relationships between farmers' land‐use and management decisions, and plant diversity is a challenge. It requires characterization of plant diversity within and between fields and investigation of land‐use allocation to fields. To analyse how grassland functional composition [mean plant trait and functional diversity index (FD)] varies according to scale (field, land‐use type: cutting, grazing, farm), grasslands were characterized according to leaf dry‐matter content (leaf DM) and FD computed from leaf DM values. A leaf DM‐αFD framework was used to analyse how leaf DM‐based plant strategies were distributed at land‐use type and farm scales (βFD). The study was conducted on eight dairy and beef farms (169 grasslands) differing in their stocking rate. At field and land‐use type scales, leaf DM was significantly decreased and increased with N fertilizer rate and field elevation respectively. It was significantly higher for grazing than for cutting. At the farm scale, the main differences between farms resulted from differences in plant strategy distribution between land‐use types within a farm and among farms for a given land‐use type in relation to management intensity. Farms that contributed the most to αFD had the highest stocking rate, and those which had the most contrasting grasslands for management intensity had the highest βFD. Management practices need to be examined at a land‐use type scale for evaluating the within‐ and between‐field plant functional compositions. By contrast, the value of the analysis was reduced if data were collected and averaged at the farm scale.     

改性秸秆-Fe3O4复合材料对染料废水中亚甲基蓝的去除研究

利用柠檬酸(CA)对秸秆(RS)进行改性制备改性秸秆(CA-RS),并通过化学沉淀法负载Fe_3O_4以制得柠檬酸改性秸秆-Fe_3O_4(CA-RS-Fe)复合材料,利用FTIR和XPS对CA-RS、CA-RS-Fe进行表征,研究在不同固液比、温度、溶液初始pH和浓度条件下,其对溶液中亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附去除效果。结果表明:固液比为1.0 g·L~(-1)、pH在3.0～11.0范围内时,CA-RS对MB去除率达95%以上。拟二级动力学模型能较好地拟合CA-RS和CA-RS-Fe对MB的去除过程。Langmuir模型可以描述MB在CA-RS和CA-RS-Fe表面的吸附。FTIR和XPS分析表明CA-RS表面官能团中的羧基在MB吸附过程中发挥重要作用。CA-RS对MB的吸附机理包括静电作用、氢键和π-π作用。Fe_3O_4的引入减少了CA-RS表面羧基的数量,降低了其对MB的吸附能力,但能实现快速固液分离。研究表明,CA-RS可作为去除染料废水中MB的良好吸附剂,CA-RS负铁之后会降低对MB的吸附量,但有利于提升固液分离效果。     

Long‐term effects of mulching,traditional cutting and no management on plant species composition of improved upland grassland in the Czech Republic

A shortage of available livestock for utilizing grassland biomass in Central Europe is challenging for the management of both semi‐natural grasslands and previously intensified (limed, fertilized and reseeded) upland grasslands. An alternative method of grassland management is mulching, in which aboveground biomass is cut, crushed and subsequently spread on the surface. This paper reports on an experiment to compare three different mulching frequencies (one, two and three times per year) with an unmanaged treatment and traditional management of two cuts per year (control) on a previously improved upland meadow. Plant species composition was monitored over 13 years. Traditional management of two cuts with biomass removal was the most suitable method for maintaining plant species richness and diversity, and both were reduced significantly in the once‐mulched and especially in the unmanaged treatment. Tall dicotyledonous weeds such as Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense and Aegopodium podagraria were promoted by the unmanaged treatment and by mulching once a year. Higher frequency of defoliation had positive effects on the spread of short forbs such as Taraxacum spp., Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium repens. After eight years, there were changes in sward structure in the unmanaged and mulched‐once‐a‐year treatments, with increase in the tall/short species ratio. In conclusion, repeated mulching cannot substitute fully for traditional two‐cut management in improved upland meadows without decreasing plant species richness and diversity, and changing the sward structure. Although mulching once a year may prevent invasion by shrubs and trees, it also supports the spread of weedy species similar to no management.     

大豆、玉米幼苗根细胞壁的制备与表面性质

根细胞壁对于植物养分吸收积累以及植物的环境抗性或耐性方面的作用和影响与细胞壁表面性质密切相关。本研究采用改进的匀浆洗涤法提取大豆（Glycine max L.,Type I细胞壁类型植物）、玉米（Zea mays L.,Type II细胞壁类型植物）幼苗的根细胞壁物质,获得了较好的细胞壁材料纯度。测定了根细胞壁材料以及整根的阳离子交换量（CEC）,并通过拟合解析根细胞壁的电位滴定曲线求解根细胞壁表面基团的解离常数pKa以及数量。结果表明,大豆的根细胞壁CEC显著（p0.05）高于玉米的根细胞壁CEC,分别为425±5、162±7 μmol/g,DW;大豆的根CEC也显著（p0.05）高于玉米根,与两种植物根细胞壁CEC的差异一致。从两种植物的根细胞壁上均识别出一种表观pKa值约为5.78的羧基基团。大豆根细胞壁的羧基含量也显著（p0.05）高于玉米根细胞壁,分别为604±15、252±4 μmol/g,DW,大豆根或根细胞壁的CEC较高与Type I细胞壁富含羧基有关。本文还进一步讨论了不同细胞壁类型植物的根细胞壁表面性质对于植物的营养过程以及环境胁迫抗性或耐性方面的影响与意义。     

Effect of desert plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities

Nutrient source limitation in desert ecosystems enhances competition among plant communities, leading to creation of microhabitats beneath the shrubs that can determine composition and abundance of soil organisms. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities in the rhizosphere of tightly interweaving shrubby communities. Soil samples were collected monthly under the canopies of three perennial desert shrubs: Artemesia herba-alba, possessing the allelopathic ability to dominate in relationships with other plants; Reaumuria negevensis, a salt-resistant plant; and Noea mucronata, a typical dry desert shrub. An inter-plant area was used as a control. The results demonstrated that soil water content (SWC) and total organic carbon (C_org) were significantly different under different plants and inter-plant areas, with the highest values found under R. negevensis (SWC) and N. mucronata and R. negevensis (C_org). Plant parasite and omnivore-predator nematodes were more sensitive to the ecophysiological individual features of observed plants versus the total number of nematodes and bacteria- and fungi-feeding nematodes. Generally accepted ecological indices such as Wasilewska (WI), trophic diversity (T), maturity (MI, MMI), basal (BI), enrichment (EI), structure (SI), and channel (CI), pointed to specific ecological conditions under canopies of the observed plants.     

山桃稠李花期的观测与分析

以山桃稠李为材料,观测群体花期和单株花期,结果表明:在2013年春季的气象条件下,长春市街路旁栽植的山桃稠李的群体花期时间为15 d,株间变动于8~13 d之间,平均花期时间为10.6 d;株间盛花期时间变动于4~8 d之间,平均为5.4 d。柳河县兰山林场和蛟河市爱林林场野生群体的花期分别为19 d和21 d。相同地点株间花期差异是遗传因素所致;不同地点群体花期差异是环境因素造成的。     

Allometric Estimates of Aboveground Biomass Using Cover and Height Are Improved by Increasing Specificity of Plant Functional Groups in Eastern Australian Rangelands

Plant aboveground biomass (AGB) is a useful metric to assess ecosystem functioning, and its sensitivity to changing environmental conditions provides insight into potential global change impacts. Allometric estimates of AGB using vegetation characteristics such as plant cover or height provide nondestructive biomass proxies for repeated measurements but can introduce uncertainty to estimates. We estimated the relationship between both plant cover and a cover·height index and AGB for 15 plant species from six sites to identify the most reliable approach to estimate biomass nondestructively in semiarid eastern Australian rangelands. Estimates were made by grouping species at four different levels of specificity, to test whether generic estimates were more robust than grouping species based on life history and morphological characteristics. Estimates were then tested on a 1.5-m² plot at each site for validation. In all cases, models were highly significant (P < 0.001) with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96 for cover models and 0.38 to 0.98 for cover·height index models. We found the addition of height improved model fits in four groups while reducing model fits in two groups. The error around AGB estimates for cover·height index−based models ranged from −66.8 to 4% (absolute mean 35%). Cover-based models had errors between −13.4% and 53% (absolute mean 14.2%). For cover-based estimates of AGB in validation plots, grouping plants by plant functional types (PFTs) increased accuracy (absolute mean error 17.3%) compared with estimates using data from all 15 species (absolute mean of 65.2%). Overall cover was a useful surrogate to estimate AGB (with the exception of one site, accuracy ranged from −2.3% to 11.5%), while height (thought to be a surrogate for canopy characteristics) provided benefit in a few circumstances. We suggest that future research should test additional nondestructive proxies and group species based on PFTs to improve AGB estimates using allometry.     

松嫩草地不同植物功能群土壤细菌的碳源利用

基于Biolog-Eco技术,研究了长期受放牧干扰的松嫩草地羊草(Leymus chinensis)、禾草、豆科植物和杂类草4类植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用规律。结果表明,4类植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况各不相同。其中,杂类草功能群土壤细菌代谢活性最高,其次是禾草功能群、羊草功能群,豆科植物功能群最低。4类植物功能群土壤细菌均对糖类和氨基酸这两类碳源利用较好,对酚酸和胺类这两类碳源利用情况较差。杂类草的Shannon-Wiener指数,Pielou均匀度指数以及Gini多样性指数最高,而豆科的最低。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤中全氮和有机质对杂类草及豆科植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况影响较大,电导率、pH以及含水量则对羊草和禾草功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况影响较大。