退化草地不同功能群生物量与土壤养分的相关性分析

选择未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极重度退化草地上的莎草科、禾本科、杂类草生物量为研究对象,对不同功能群生物量与土壤养分的相关性进行研究.结果表明,土壤全氮、全钾含量对各功能群的生物量影响较大,均呈正相关关系,且达到0.01或0.05显著水平;土壤全磷含量对各功能群生物量的影响不明显;pH对各功能群生物量的影响较大,呈负相关关系,且达到0.01显著水平.     

东北三省大豆熟期组归属及地理分布概貌研究

选择 2 5 6份我国各大豆栽培区代表性地方品种为供试材料 ,以国际通用的美国 0 0 0～X熟期组的 48份标准品种为对照 ,在南京进行分期播种及光照处理试验 ,制订出与国际相衔接的我国大豆生育期生态类型划分标准 ,将我国大豆划分为 0 0 0～IX熟期组 ;明确我国东北三省春豆归属 0 0 0～Ⅳ熟期组 ,并分析东北三省春豆熟期组地理分布概势。     

基于缓冲区分析的北京城市用地扩展研究

遥感和地理信息系统技术的结合,对于了解城市空间格局现状．研究城市扩展趋势具有显而易见的好处。本文以多时相遥感影像及其分类结果为原始数据．应用GIS提供的空间分析功能,以北京城市规划中十个边缘集团和部分卫星城以及六条放射形交通线为基础做缓冲区分析,对北京城市土地利用扩展做了定量的描述与分析,从而得到一些北京市城市土地扩展的结论;北京城市原有的分散集团式规划效用不大,城市中心区的集聚能力依然较突出,沿交通线的扩展非常明显。整体来说北部地区的城市扩展强度指数远大于过南部,但是未来南部地区需要成为北京城市用地扩展的重要方向。     

福鼎茶园土壤团聚体有机碳分布与分子结构特征

以福建省福鼎市白琳镇(BL)、点头镇(DT)、磻溪镇(PX)、管阳镇(GY)和太姥山镇(TMS)的茶园土壤为研究对象,研究其团聚体组成及稳定性,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量、固碳贡献率及有机碳红外光谱,旨在从团聚体尺度揭示茶园土壤有机碳分布及其分子结构特征。结果表明:(1)不同采样地土壤团聚体组成存在差别,但随土层加深,大团聚体(0.25~2 mm)和微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)含量均减少,而粉-黏粒团聚体(＜0.053 mm)含量增大;(2)随土层加深,所有采样地平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)减小,分形维数(D)增大,团聚体结构稳定性降低;(3)各粒级团聚体有机碳含量随土层加深而减小,固碳贡献率主要受团聚体含量的影响,大团聚体固碳贡献率相对更大;(4)各粒级团聚体有机碳均主要来源于多糖碳或脂肪碳,0-15 cm土层土壤粉-黏粒团聚体比大团聚体和微团聚体有机碳更稳定,15-30 cm土层各级团聚体均比0-15 cm土层对应粒级团聚体有机碳更稳定。研究成果可为茶园土壤有机碳的科学管理提供理论参考。     

Medical ethnobotany of the Tabarkins,a Northern Italian (Ligurian) minority in south-western Sardinia

A medico-ethnobotanical study was conducted among the Tabarkin communities living in Calasetta and Carloforte, in south-western Sardinia. These communities represent a Ligurian minority who have resided in Sardinia since their forebears migrated from Tabarka in Tunisia in the second half of the 18th Century, having previously migrated to Tabarka from Genoa in 1544. In this study, we conducted more than 200 interviews and recorded 53 botanical taxa and 72 folk pharmaceutical preparations, which represent the folk medicine of the Tabarkins. The folk phytotherapy of the Tabarkins living in Calasetta and Carloforte is quite restricted compared with other folk phytotherapy recorded in similar recent ethnobotanical studies conducted in Sardinia. This could indicate that there has been a remarkable erosion of Traditional Knowledge (TK) within these two communities. Of particular interest are a few local medical uses we recorded that have never or only very rarely been documented in Italy; namely the use of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter as an anti-haemorrhoidal, of Centaurea calcitrapa L. as a remedy for malaria, of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in ophthalmic treatments, and of Urtica dioica L. as an antiviral in cases of German measles. Most of the botanical species quoted in this research are referred to in the two centres using a local Ligurian idiom. Most of the medico-botanical uses we recorded are very similar to those collected in other ethnobotanical surveys carried out in Liguria and south-western Sardinia. Because there was no evidence in this research of any substantial ethnobotanical traces related to the communities’ North-African experience, it would appear that the Tabarkins have readily adopted their host culture’s use of medicinal plants and have retained their own traditional cognitive concepts and knowledge of the natural plant world through the language only.     

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used for characterization of soil nematode community

Studying soil nematofauna provides useful information on soil status and functioning but requires high taxonomic expertise. Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy (NIRS) has been reported to allow fast and inexpensive determination of numerous soil attributes. Thus the present study aimed at assessing the potential of NIRS for determining the abundance and diversity of soil nematodes in a set of 103 clayey topsoil samples collected in 2005 and 2006 from agricultural soils in the highlands of Madagascar.The morphological characterization of soil nematofauna involved extraction through elutriation then counting under binoculars and identification at family or genus level using microscopy, on ca. 150-g fresh soil samples. Taxa were assigned to five trophic groups, namely bacterial feeders, fungal feeders, obligate plant feeders, facultative plant feeders, and omnivores and predators (together). In addition, four ecological indexes were calculated: the Enrichment index, Structure index, Maturity index, and Plant parasitic index.Oven-dried (40 °C) < 2-mm sieved 5-g soil subsamples were scanned in the NIR range (1100-2500 nm), then spectra were fitted to nematofauna data using partial least square regression. Depending on the sample set considered (year 2005, year 2006, or both years), NIRS prediction of total nematode abundance was accurate (ratio of standard deviation to standard error of cross validation, i.e. RPD ≥ 2) or acceptable (RPD ≥ 1.6). Predictions were accurate, acceptable, or quasi-acceptable (RPD ≥ 1.4) for several of the six most abundant taxa, and to a larger extent, for most trophic groups (except facultative plant feeders); but they could not be made for taxa present in a small number of samples or at low abundance. By contrast, NIRS prediction of relative abundances (in proportion of total abundance) was poor in general, as was also the prediction of ecological indexes (except for the 2006 set). On the whole, these results were less accurate than NIRS predictions of soil attributes often reported in the literature. However, though not very accurate, NIRS predictions were worthwhile considering the labor-intensity of the morphological characterization. Most of all, NIRS analyses were carried out on subsamples that were probably too small (5 g) to allow representative sampling of nematofauna. Using larger samples for NIRS (e.g. 100 g) would likely result in more accurate predictions, and is therefore recommended. Scanning un-dried samples could also help improve prediction accuracy, as morphological characterization was carried out on samples not dried after sampling.Examining wavelengths that contributed most to NIRS predictions, and chemical groups they have been assigned to, suggested that NIRS predictions regarding nematofauna depended on constituents of both nematodes and preys’ food. Predictions were thus based on both nematofauna and soil organic properties reflected by nematofauna.     

Soil nematode biodiversity

Summary Nematodes are the most abundant metazoans in soil, and are exceeded in species diversity only by the arthropods. Estimates of nematode diversity in natural and agroecosystems have been based on both species-level taxonomy and trophic-level guilds. Because trophic groups do not act in a unitary manner with respect to environmental alterations, species-level analysis is more meaningful and should be preferred for most kinds of investigations. Nematodes of a biotope have often been considered as mere assemblages, but there is increasing evidence that certain plant associations have characteristic groups of species. This concept has been used by Bongers to develop a maturity index relating nematode families and site stability, and to identify assemblages that colonize disturbed soils. Major constraints on detailed ecological studies of soil nematode faunas are an incomplete understanding of trophic groups and their subsets, the need for repeated sampling of seasonally variable populations, and a severe shortage of taxonomy-competent persons, especially for microbial feeders.     

Local and landscape factors determine functional bird diversity in Indonesian cacao agroforestry

Large-scale intensification of smallholder cacao management is currently affecting the agroforestry landscapes of Sulawesi (Indonesia), the world’s third largest cacao producer. Little is known about how this shift from diverse plantations to full-sun cacao will affect functionally important biodiversity within the agroecosystem, and how this is related to landscape-wide patterns in land-use and natural ecosystems. We recorded birds in 43 cacao plots differing in woody and herbaceous vegetation as well as distance to forest in two valleys around the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi. Species richness of frugivores and nectarivores decreased with increasing distance to forest, whereas granivorous birds increased in richness. Forest specialists, but not habitat generalists, responded positively to forest edge proximity. Species richness of all functional groups except seed eaters increased at higher density of tall shade trees. Greater species richness of shade trees was associated with higher species richness of frugivores and nectarivores, while herbaceous vegetation did not have a strong impact on the avifauna. The positive effect of shade trees was independent of distance to forest. In conclusion, our study shows the relative importance of local and landscape effects on bird diversity with shade trees being critical for bird conservation in cacao agroforestry landscapes.     

Additive and interactive effects of functionally dissimilar soil organisms on a grassland plant community

The productivity and diversity of plant communities are affected by soil organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), root herbivores and decomposers. However, it is unknown how interactions between such functionally dissimilar soil organisms affect plant communities and whether the combined effects are additive or interactive. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the individual and combined effects of AMF (five Glomus species), root herbivores (wireworms and nematodes) and decomposers (collembolans and enchytraeids) on the productivity and nutrient content of a model grassland plant community as well as on soil microbial biomass and community structure. The effects of the soil organisms on productivity (total plant biomass), total root biomass, grass and forb biomass, and nutrient uptake of the plant community were additive. AMF decreased, decomposers increased and root herbivores had no effect on productivity, but in combination the additive effects canceled each other out. AMF reduced total root biomass by 18%, but decomposers increased it by 25%, leading to no net effect on total root biomass in the combined treatments. Total shoot biomass was reduced by 14% by root herbivores and affected by an interaction between AMF and decomposers where decomposers had a positive impact on shoot growth only in presence of AMF. AMF increased the shoot biomass of forbs, but reduced the shoot biomass of grasses, while root herbivores only reduced the shoot biomass of grasses. Interactive effects of the soil organisms were detected on the shoot biomasses of Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, and Agrostis capillaris. The C/N ratio of the plant community was affected by AMF.In soil, AMF promoted abundances of bacterial, actinomycete, saprophytic and AMF fatty acid markers. Decomposers alone decreased bacterial and actinomycete fatty acids abundances but when decomposers were interacting with herbivores those abundances were increased. Our results suggests that at higher resolutions, i.e. on the levels of individual plant species and the microbial community, interactive effects are common but do not affect the overall productivity and nutrient uptake of a grassland plant community, which is mainly affected by additive effects of functionally dissimilar soil organisms.     

城市化进程中弱势群体利益表达机制的构建

我国现代化社会分层结构已逐步形成,处于社会底层的城市弱势群体,由于利益表达机制的缺陷,他们的权益不断受到侵害,引发了一系列危害社会的严重问题。本文分析了我国弱势群体的基本特征,以及目前利益表达机制存在的缺陷;并从提高弱势群体自身的文化水平和政治素质、完善现有体制内弱势群体的利益表达机制、加快培育和发展弱势群体的利益组织,3个方面探讨了弱势群体利益表达机制的构建。