黄麻和红麻纤维磨木木质素的红外光谱特征

从黄麻和红麻纤维中分离出磨木木质素,利用红外光谱分析了两种麻纤维磨木木质素的特征峰及归属,得知磨木木质素中有复杂的官能团,含有羟基、羰基、甲基等基团,木质素结构中含有相当数量的紫丁香基单元。根据黄麻和红麻纤维磨木木质素的红外光谱吸收峰强度,推断其结构属于阔叶木类木质素化学结构GS型木质素。     

甘肃花卉根际线虫的营养类群结构

2006－2007年,对甘肃省酒泉、定西、天水等地9个花卉制种繁育、示范生产基地种植的旱金莲、唐菖蒲、孔雀草、万寿菊、波斯菊、大丽花等56种花卉根际线虫类群进行了研究。经鉴定111076条线虫分属43个属,4个营养类群（食细菌、食真菌、杂食/捕食和植物寄生线虫）,其中有益的非植物线虫属32个,有害的植物线虫属11个,占总调查属数量的1/4,相对比例较大,特别是垫刃属（Tylenchus）和 丝尾垫刃属（Filenchus）的线虫出现的频率较高,涉及花卉51种和42种,分别占调查花卉总数的91％和75％。本研究结果将为进一步分析甘肃省各种花卉根际线虫的潜在风险提供参考数据,为甘肃省花卉进出口贸易的线虫争端提供谈判和决策依据。     

弱势群体利益表达机制与和谐社会构建

随着改革的深入,我国的社会阶层不断分化,产生了新的弱势群体,这些弱势群体,是社会稳定的不利因素。应建立利益诉求表达机制,拓宽民意渠道,尽最大可能实现利益大体上的均等,促进和谐社会建设。     

Gradient analysis of an eastern sand savanna's woody vegetation,and its long-term responses to restored fire processes

Little information is available comparing historic and modern sand savannas, and how remnants respond to restored fire. We compared short- and long-term effects of restored fire on the Tefft Savanna, a 197 ha eastern sand savanna in northwest Indiana that had undergone three decades of fire protection. U.S. Public Land Survey data from Tefft in 1833 indicate black and white oak barrens, and pin oak savanna, with trees averaging 50 stems/ha and 4 m²/ha basal area. We used ordination and a digital elevation model to assess topographic distribution of tree species in 1986. In 1986, we also compared initial effects of high- and low-intensity dormant season fire on woody vegetation among nine blocks containing black oak, white oak, and pin oak stands. Twenty years later, we compared the same blocks, all of which had been burned three times per decade with low-intensity fires. In 1986, black oak, white oak and pin oak occurred across a gradient of decreasing elevation and slope. At that time, unburned black oak and white oak stands averaged >400 stems/ha and about 10 m²/ha basal area, and their smaller size classes contained non-oak woody vegetation that apparently had invaded with fire exclusion. After initial burns, black oak and white oak stands receiving high-intensity fire averaged <200 stems/ha and had significantly lower oak canopy cover and basal area than unburned stands. Stands receiving low-intensity fire had intermediate oak canopy cover, with basal area similar to unburned stands. Pin oak stands were more fire-resistant, apparently because spring flooding often reduced fire effects. Density, cover and basal area of non-oak tree species were much lower than oaks, and were not reduced by initial burning. Repeated low-intensity burning over 20 years tended to maintain structure caused by initial fires. However, it reduced lower size class stem densities, promoted post-fire sprouting into the shrub layer, and allowed oak basal area to increase in larger size classes. Time since fire regulated shrub layer structure on a 4-year cycle. Density and cover of trees and shrubs returned to pre-burn conditions by the second and fourth growing seasons after fire, respectively, with non-oak tree species exceeding pre-burn cover and density by the fourth season. These results suggest that high-intensity fire is more important than repeated low-intensity burning in structuring and restoring eastern sand savanna, and that non-oak tree species, once established, may be resistant to low-intensity fire.     

Characterization and origin of infection of Rhizoctonia solani associated with Brassica oleracea crops in the UK

An extensive study was conducted to determine where in the production chain Rhizoctonia solani became associated with UK module-raised Brassica oleracea plants. In total, 2600 plants from 52 crops were sampled directly from propagators and repeat sampled from the field. Additional soil, compost and water samples were collected from propagation nurseries and screened using conventional agar isolation methods. No isolates of R. solani were recovered from any samples collected from propagation nurseries. Furthermore, nucleic acid preparations from samples of soil and compost from propagation nurseries gave negative results when tested for R. solani using real-time PCR. Conversely, R. solani was recovered from 116 of 1300 stem bases collected from field crops. All the data collected suggested R. solani became associated with B. oleracea in the field rather than during propagation. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic studies of ribosomal DNA suggested the majority of further classified isolates belonged to anastomosis groups 2-1 (48/57) and AG-4HGII (8/57), groups known to be pathogenic on Brassica spp. in other countries. Many R. solani isolates were recovered from symptomless plant material and the possibilities for such an association are discussed.     

黑线姬鼠不同年龄组种群繁殖特征的研究

系统研究分析了1999—2004年贵州省余庆县黑线姬鼠不同年龄组种群繁殖特征的变化规律。研究期间共解剖黑线姬鼠1011只(其中,雌鼠483只,雄鼠528只)。黑线姬鼠种群性比存在显著的年龄变化,不同年龄组之间种群繁殖力存在显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长,种群繁殖力不断增加。成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组、老年组是黑线姬鼠种群的繁殖群体,平均怀孕率为45.97%,胎仔数为5.02只,睾丸下降率为91.98%,繁殖指数为1.0618,除平均胎仔数与总平均胎仔数差异不显著外,平均怀孕率、睾丸下降率、繁殖指数均显著高于总体平均值,分别为总体平均值的1.57倍、1.42倍、1.52倍,它们在种群中所占比例的多少与种群数量消长关系密切,可作为预测黑线姬鼠种群数量的重要依据。     

The Embeddedness of Collective Action in Nepalese Community Forestry

Collective action by local communities has been recognised as crucial for effective management of natural resources, particularly the management of forests in rural settings in developing countries. However, the processes and outcomes of collective action in forest management are often analysed through a narrow rational choice model, ignoring the impacts of wider social, political and economic processes in conditioning peoples’ decisions to act (or not to act) collectively. Optimistic assumptions are made for collective action being instrumental to enhance both social and ecological outcomes, but there is a paucity of empirical evidence on how and why the condition of forests has improved (or deteriorated) under collective action, and what impacts the change in forest condition has on various groups within local communities. This study critically examines the emergence, evolution and outcomes of collective action in a case of community forestry in Nepal. A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods has been used to collect primary data from the forest, households, key informants and focus groups. The emergence and outcomes of collective action is found to be embedded in social, economic and political relationships, where powerful actors control the use of forests in order to ensure conservation, thereby resulting in the underutilisation of forest products. Poor users, who depend heavily on forests, are found to be worse off economically under community forestry, but still engage in collective action for a variety of socio-political reasons. This contradicts the conventional wisdom which assumes that people only cooperate when they benefit from cooperation. It is concluded that a deeper understanding of the embeddedness of community forestry is needed in order to achieve the potential of collective action.

Traditional versus improved agroforestry systems in Vietnam: a comparison

Combined with the diverse biophysical and social heterogeneity encountered in the northern mountains, the socioeconomic changes in Vietnam that accompanied the decollectivisation process led to complex agrarian dynamics that today challenge traditional farming and management of natural resources. Data for this study were collected from villages in and around Ba Be National Park (BNP) in the Bac Kan Province located in the northern mountains of Vietnam. Traditional slash and burn cultivation is no longer a sustainable practice in Vietnam. The main challenges in the region are to protect biodiversity, maintain the land productivity and simultaneously support local livelihoods. The study shows that improved agroforestry cultivation could provide significantly higher productivity and income per unit of land, besides decreasing pressure on natural forests. The challenge to protect biodiversity is not met, as improved agroforestry implies less tree species. From an institutional and socio‐economic perspective, it is not easy for local communities to readily adapt to improved agroforestry. New systems must be tailored site‐specific to the diverse local conditions of resource‐poor farmers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An empirical cohort model for management of Terra Firme forests in the Brazilian Amazon

A model to project forest growth in the Terra Firme forests of the eastern Amazon is described. It is based on 12–17 years measurements from experimental plots at Jarí and Tapajós. Forest stands are represented by cohorts of species group, diameter, and defect. There are 54 species groups, with a robust diameter increment function fitted to each, tables of mortality by crown and defect status, and recruit lists by disturbance level and locality. Stand level functions partition trees by crown status, and modify growth for stand density. Recruitment is a function of basal-area losses. Evaluation compares model performance with two experiments involving heavy felling in Tapajos State Forest. At one site, total bole volume growth of all species over 45 cm DBH was 2.56 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 17 years, whereas the model projected 3.13 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. At the other site, actual growth over 12 years was 0.39 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, with the model giving an identical result. Both felled and control plots are compared in the study and accurately simulated. Some weaknesses in the model are discussed.     

我国企业集团财务管理存在的问题及对策

企业产权不清晰、缺乏现代管理理念和统一的财务管理体系、资金运作不规范,缺乏行之有效的财务管理机制和执行预算不坚决等,是我国企业集团财务管理混乱的主要原因。更新管理理念,建立统一的财务管理体制,规范资金运作,强化资金管理是关键。