Infection-interactions in Ethiopian village chickens

Chickens raised under village production systems are exposed to a wide variety of pathogens, and current or previous infections may affect their susceptibility to further infections with another parasite, and/or can alter the manifestation of each infection. It is possible that co-infections may be as important as environmental risk factors. However, in cross-sectional studies, where the timing of infection is unknown, apparent associations between infections may be observed due to parasites sharing common risk factors. This study measured antibody titres to 3 viral (Newcastle disease, Marek's disease and infectious bursal disease) and 2 bacterial (Pasteurella multocida and Salmonella) diseases, and the infection prevalence of 3 families of endo- and ecto-parasites (Ascaridida, Eimeria and lice) in 1056 village chickens from two geographically distinct populations in Ethiopia. Samples were collected during 4 cross-sectional surveys, each approximately 6 months apart. Constrained ordination, a technique for analysis of ecological community data, was used to explore this complex dataset and enabled potential relationships to be uncovered and tested despite the different measurements used for the different parasites. It was found that only a small proportion of variation in the data could be explained by the risk factors measured. Very few birds (9/1280) were found to be seropositive to Newcastle disease. Positive relationships were identified between Pasteurella and Salmonella titres; and between Marek's disease and parasitic infections, and these two groups of diseases were correlated with females and males, respectively. This may suggest differences in the way that the immune systems of male and female chickens interact with these parasites. In conclusion, we find that a number of infectious pathogens and their interactions are likely to impact village chicken health and production. Control of these infections is likely to be of importance in future development planning.     

Design guidelines for the Dashilar,Beijing Open Green Space Redevelopment Project

When an urban redevelopment project is planned, the design needs to reflect the preferences of the users of the planned space. In China, however, the preferences of residents have rarely been reflected in projects dealing with public places such as open green spaces in urban settings. This paper employs three independent conjoint analyses covering components of open green space, including locational conditions, physical conditions, and greenery conditions in order to propose the most preferable design for a new open green space. The results of choice simulation showed that the users prefer the private garden style to the general public park style for the new open green space in Dashilar. Our research with three independent conjoint analyses is expected to provide specific guidelines for open green space design as a whole, which is intended to satisfy potential users of the space.     

成都市府南河工程草坪建植与管理的研究

成都市府南河改造工程是以环保绿化为中心的全面市政改造工程,绿地以草坪为主。根据成都的自然条件和对草坪的质量要求,选择改良的高羊茅（ＦｅｓｔｕｃａａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｃｅａＳｃｈｒｅｂ．）为建群种,草地早熟禾（ＰｏａｐｒａｔｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）为伴生种,混播建植。注重修剪、除杂、防病虫、施肥等日常管理,并提出了加强管理的几点建议。     

退耕还林地经济林发展问题探讨

阐述目前退耕还林工程退耕地还经济林发展现状,分析退耕地经济林发展中存在的主要问题与原因,提出对策建议。     

森林资源资产评估中多方法验证

为了使森林资源资产评估过程更加科学,评估结果更加客观,通过多种方法计算比较分析验证发现,林业上的传统成本法与其它行业的不一样,未考虑经营合理利润,其评估值只是投资的价值,而不是投资价值。结果表明：森林资源资产评估中的成本法的折现率应该使用项目内部收益率,而不是待业基准收益率,通过这样的修正,使用一套指标,分别运用成本法...     

古黟村落园林空间特质研究

得益于优美的自然环境,徽州古黟县村落园林修建因地制宜,形式多变,徽商的资金投入、文人士子的文化活动也促进了其发展。分析黟县地区古代村落园林的构成要素——山水、建筑和花木,得出村落建设与自然环境深度融合渗透的特征,最后从3个空间层次介绍了黟县村落呈现的“园中园”空间特质：崇山环绕、丰水潆洄的水口园林,水木清华、宁静致远的园圃村居式园林,和小中见大、含蓄深远的住宅庭园。     

关于现浇箱梁预压方法--水压法的探讨

支架预压是现浇梁施工必须经过的准备工序。介绍了水压法的可行性和简单的操作过程 ,并对水压法和钢筋预压法的成本、工期进行了比较研究     

浅析"无标底"招标的建立

在“量价分离”改革原则的指导下 ,本文在查阅了中外有关资料的基础上 ,对“无标底”招标的建立谈了几点看法     

云南CDM林业固C项目的可行性研究

通过对《联合国气候变化的框架公约》和《京都议定书》中一些与林业相关的条款及CDM林业固C项目作了简要介绍，结合云南的具体情况，对CDM林业固C项目在云南开展的可行性作了分析。结果如下：云南有开展林业CDM项目的良好条件，可促进生态效益补偿制度的建立，将有力促进云南省林业发展与生态建设；建议开展云南林业的固C效益与固C潜力，固C造林技术与模式，国际认可的林业CDM项目技术、程序与方法等研究。应积极实施林业CDM项目试点，开展国际合作，培养相关人材，通过国家相关部门积极申报林业CDM固C项目。     

半干旱地区生态建设方略初探

以神华集团神府东胜矿区生态建设为例 ,探讨了半干旱地区生态建设的必要性、指导思想、原则、生态建设的内容及对策、措施等有关问题